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Incorporating music into your world language classroom is a simple and engaging way to expose students to the culture(s) associated with the target language. Not only does it pique student interest, but also it aids in creating an upbeat and positive classroom environment.
Songs are examples of authentic resources that can lead to a variety of different activities at all levels. From an instructional standpoint, homing in on specific songs and their lyrics builds students’ listening comprehension skills. When listening to a song, students are exposed to rich vocabulary and cultural content. Rather than a standard audio clip, students are following a story out loud. This is more likely to hook their interest and attention.
Choosing Appropriate Songs
Try picking a song that directly aligns with a theme or topic covered in your unit. For example, you can pick a song that relates to the content you’re covering, or you can choose a song that focuses on a grammatical point that you want your students to practice in context. You can also choose a song that does a little bit of both.
The song “Ella,” by Alvaro Soler, contains examples of the imperfect subjunctive, a grammatical structure that I focus on with my intermediate learners in Spanish IV. In addition to noting and practicing examples of this grammatical structure in context, I go beyond this. I have students identify the main idea of the song as well as share whether they like it or not and why.
It’s important to preview lyrics and music videos beforehand to screen them for inappropriate content; if the music video is school-appropriate, show it to the students as they listen to the song. Likewise, you can have students read through the singer’s biography to learn more about their background. The students can make comparisons between this artist and one that they listen to on a regular basis. At this level, the students can also identify the genre of the song and share their preferences and opinions about it.
With my beginners in Spanish I, I like to expose students to geography to better familiarize them with the countries that make up the Spanish-speaking world. The song “La Gozadera,” by Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony, zips through all of the Latin American countries. I give students a blank map and have them label the countries as they hear them in the song. I also expose students to each country’s flag as a means to practice colors and broaden their cultural knowledge.
A song that can provide rich vocabulary exposure and inspiration at any level is “Vivir Mi Vida,” by Marc Anthony. This song contains a multitude of verbs, specifically in the infinitive form. It’s a feel-good song that offers positivity and words of wisdom. Its catchy beat makes it easy to sing along to; having students sing karaoke is always an option, as there are tons of karaoke videos on YouTube.
Friendly Competitions and Sing-Alongs
Lyrics Training is a useful website when exposing students to songs in the target language. On this website, students fill in the lyrics as they listen to the song and watch the music video. They can compete against each other, and there are different levels of difficulty available. With the help of the site, students can learn every word to a song in a fairly short time. This can lead to a whole-class sing-along or to sing-along competitions between different class periods.
Creating a cloze activity in which students listen and fill in the blanks is another option for any song. It’s important to note that not every song needs to have an instructional purpose. Consider creating a class playlist via Spotify or YouTube, and play music throughout the day.
As students are walking in and completing a do-now activity, have music playing. If they’re working on a project or activity, play some music again! You will be impressed by how many of your students start following your playlist—the best part is, they might even start to listen to songs in the target language on their own time.
A common goal of world language teachers everywhere is to have our students use the language in their real lives and to appreciate and value cultures different from their own. Music can help to achieve these goals and can contribute to a positive language learning experience for all.
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How Using A Little Sign Language Can Improve Online Classes
We all have felt it. Disconnected. We have been “present” in a synchronous (live) online meeting or class but not really present. We may have been distracted, felt separated, or lacked a connection to others. Despite the desire for emotional closeness during this time of physical separation, “Zoom fatigue” sets in and live meetings lose their effectiveness.
But we can’t lose hope. At the heart of live meetings is the goal of connection and sharing. Incorporating proven nonverbal communication practices from early childhood education and American Sign Language (ASL) can benefit all of us by changing the way we host, participate, and connect for the better in online meetings.
Nonverbal Communication and Attention
One reason for the fatigue caused by online meetings is that these meetings often take more focus and attention than face-to-face conversations. In addition, the lag in response time (think unmuting microphones or waiting for answers in the chat) has been shown to decrease personal connection and interest.
However, as executive coach Jeff Wolf writes in SmartBrief, consciously attending to nonverbal communication in online meetings can improve the experience of both teachers and learners. A variety of studies over the years have shown that more than half of our communication is nonverbal. Yet we largely tend not to think about our nonverbal communication, especially in the online environment. Though body language speaks louder than words, and we typically believe what we see more than what we hear, we “often ignore visual communication,” according to Emma Kreiner, ASL instructor and program coordinator at the University of Cincinnati.
In the spring, Jessica Hughes, a K–6 STEAM Lab teacher at the Hyde Park School in the Cincinnati Public School District (CPS), quickly realized the connection between nonverbal signals and student engagement in her online meetings. By the end of the year, teachers across her building used agreed-upon signs, successfully making messages clearer and attention easier and more meaningful. Now, Hughes plans to shift to using ASL signs for “Thank you,” silent cheer, “Stop,” and “Happy” as learners continue to engage in an online environment.
ASL provides Hughes’ students a common language and emphasis on delivery practices, such as strong, clear facial expressions that communicate or reinforce the intended meaning of a sign. This intentionality in visual online communication can support activities that require high-energy delivery to maintain attention and focus, including read-alouds, problem-solving steps, and other instruction. In ASL, facial expressions can significantly affect the meaning of a sign and need to be attended to. This intentionality in our expressions helps us and sends the right message of support, encouragement, confusion, or agreement to our students and encourages the same from them.
Nonverbal Communication and Connection
One of us (Rosemary), a CPS administrator and technology leader and former self-contained first-grade teacher, used nonverbal communication to engage students and solidify procedures and routines. Even in a classroom full of happy, engaged student chatter and active-learning noise, nonverbal signals were a way to interact with the teacher and peers.
In our virtual world, the happy chatter of students engaged in their own worlds of learning isn’t happening the way it once did—but nonverbal signals and communication continue to support procedures and build community. When Jaton Kershaw, a CPS elementary intervention specialist, taught in person, her students routinely used ASL for procedures: stop, line up, sit, stand, and to ask a question or permission. They also used signals to build community, such as silent cheers when working with a partner or groups, or encouraging one another to tell more about their ideas.
ASL signs like “again” and “slow” can help a learner feel that their needs are being heard and also help a teacher read the room to know more quickly when learners need support. A favorite of my students and colleagues is “same.” This can be used when students share an idea, opinion, experience, or feeling. “Same” implies deeper connection and listening and holds more meaning than a simple head nod or thumbs-up. ASL provides more relational communication and reinforces the self-determination theory for e-learning that “students experience relatedness when they perceive others listening and responding to them,” which, in turn, improves engagement and motivation.
Value of ASL
Using an established language, like ASL, versus creating hand signals has a range of benefits, from greater cultural awareness and comfort with difference to using a common language that is more universal. ASL also can reinforce and extend the nonverbal commands (hand raise, thumbs-up, emojis, etc.) already built into tools like Zoom, Google Meet, and Webex.
Benefits of using ASL include:
Improved focus
Enhanced social and emotional connection between teachers and students
Introduction of a total physical response, which supports attention and memory
Universal meaning (versus classroom or program-specific meaning)
Increased support and inclusion of diverse learners
Improved use of facial expressions
Increased student willingness to turn on webcams
Improved expectations for participation
According to Kershaw, consistently using ASL signs for nonverbal responses gets straight to the students’ needs, saving time, improving focus, and ensuring that students feel seen and heard from a distance. Reaching every student must include actively building a supportive community, starting with acknowledging one another.
How to Use ASL in Live MeetingsASL for nonverbal communication in live meetings works well for small groups where webcams are turned on and for larger meetings where you are able to use a tile layout and see all of your students. Start with one sign per meeting or class to introduce the concept. Practice using the sign as a group. “Applause” and “understand” are other useful signs you may want to share with your students or team.
Discuss with students why and how signs will be used during meetings, and have students help pick the signs that will be norms for class meetings. This cocreation will encourage community, regular use, and understanding among students.
You can learn more helpful signs for live meetings here from University of Cincinnati ASL instructor Emma Kreiner, who contributed to this article.
Staying Human In A Digital World
Ideas to humanise your online communications
As we all now become digital natives, it makes you step back and think and ultimately realise that those who follow us, will be born into a purely digital society, where eBooks and augmented reality will have gone from exotic to everyday.
Thinking about what this means in the future is intriguing, but it’s equally interesting right here and now in 2013. Technology, software and the devices we use, have of course shaped our social and human behavior on a number of levels, from shopping, to leisure, to business. Lives are lived online, and the opportunity to have a live feed into the minds of those you care about is becoming a clearer reality. People are more willing to share and consume horizontally through their social networks, rather than vertically. The organic spread of ideas, relationships, and trade can now be observed and measured on scales of unprecedented detail.
Amongst all the positive aspects of instant global communication, accessibility of information, improved efficiency and the potential for learning, it is clear that there are negative “de-humanisning” aspects of the Digital World now and this will likely continue in the future. People see less of other people, there can be a lazy attitude inherited as a result.
But it doesn’t have to be that way. I want to highlight how in the context of business to consumer communication practices, organisations can act, appear and deliver more human aspects of behaviour both through, and alongside their digital communications, to complement each other.
Humanising
Online Business Communications
Show the people within the business on their website people pages and social channels, e.g. LinkedIn profile page and Facebook
Personalise their twitter with a unique or range of staff administrators assigned to social media, giving a personal tone to the messages and responses given
Ensure sales and support emails are from staff addresses and use appropriate signatures to show real people behind the customer service aspect and gain trust
Deliver video and audio content including staff and to connect with the audience on real terms and improve brand personality.
Personalise marketing emails both through whom it is addresses but also based on preferences.
In the case of Twitter, a number of companies place images of their help team on their
background image to show people what they look like. It’s a small move, but is effective in showing that there are people there who are going to engage with you, regardless of the query.
A high street retailer that also has an “inevitable” online presence can also humanise their consumer’s digital experience and simultaneously complementing the real in store experience by:
Promoting specific exclusive offers and promotions online, but only available in store to drive footfall and human interaction
Building knowledge of the online offering amongst staff to help deliver in – person sales and consumer loyalty
Use social media to help profile the products, local team(s) and staff to consumers
Have real staff actively engage with customers online through customer service and social media contexts
Ensure telephone numbers are clearly promoted online and personalised where possible to ensure more voice contact.
I think we all know the inevitability of an increased trend for more digital consumption and communication out of necessity, but this doesn’t mean we have to be any less human. It’s about balance. We must continue to act, sound and appear human even online and I hope that the norm isn’t that we get lazy and devalue personal contact by default over a more convenient digital equivalent or alternative.
How Starbucks humaniseI often reference Starbucks as a stand out brand who seem to make all the right moves in terms of their digital brand strategy, and in context to humanisning their experience, they do the following very well indeed.
Promote a wide range of in cafe specific promotions online
They have a highly personal and responsive social media presence that is led by fans, not the brand.
Their global presence is strong, yet they have great local online content and activity
Starbucks rewards on mobile for in – cafe benefits
Humanising and socially engaging and accessible content.
A great example of this last point is in the “Join Us” section on the chúng tôi website. The content on this page helps paint a picture of an inclusive, social and people – centric brand built on community. This is what their product and experience stands for yet here it is simply using social media and technology as the delivery mechanism. This avoids many of the big mistakes many brands make, by adopting technology and digital platforms, yet they have no brand supporting or strengthening content strategies.
Related to this discussion from a social media perspective is a really good Q&A worth checking out with Nicholas Christakis from the TED series, entitled: “Our modern, connected lives.” It’s interesting as it raises many points around our influence and behaviour driven by our modern connected online social experiences. It’s a well-balanced series of responses to topics of friendship, social influence and even online dating from a real world vs digital perspective.
In Conclusion
One things is for sure, digital media has the potential to dehumanise our lives as we live our lives increasingly online, interacting with devices rather than people. We do know that as inevitable as this is, we can take positives from how it can help us connect with people instantly on a global scale. We can also be encouraged by the activities of brands delivering people centric and accessible digital content and engagement strategies, initiating and motivating regular real life personal and brand contact.
What Is Chunking In Natural Language Processing?
This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon
Dear readers,
In this blog, I will be discussing chunking both theoretically and practically in Python.
So, let’s begin…
NOTE: For the implementation, its better to use the Python IDLE as the output is a drawing of a tree which pops up in a separate window.
Agenda
What is chunking?
Where is chunking used?
Types of chunking
Implementation of chunking in Python
Results
What is chunking?Chunking is defined as the process of natural language processing used to identify parts of speech and short phrases present in a given sentence.
For example, chunking can be done to identify and thus group noun phrases or nouns alone, adjectives or adjective phrases, and so on. Consider the sentence below:
“I had burgers and pastries for breakfast.”
In this case, if we wish to group or chunk noun phrases, we will get “burgers”, “pastries” and “lunch” which are the nouns or noun groups of the sentence.
Where is chunking used?Why would we want to learn something without knowing where it is widely used?! Looking at the applications discussed in this section of the blog will help you stay curious till the end!
Chunking is used to get the required phrases from a given sentence. However, POS tagging can be used only to spot the parts of speech that every word of the sentence belongs to.
Interestingly, this process of chunking in NLP is extended to various other applications; for instance, to group fruits of a specific category, say, fruits rich in proteins as a group, fruits rich in vitamins as another group, and so on. Besides, chunking can also be used to group similar cars, say, cars supporting auto-gear into one group and the others which support manual gear into another chunk and so on.
Types of ChunkingThere are, broadly, two types of chunking:
Chunking up
Chunking down
Chunking up:Here, we don’t dive deep; instead, we are happy with just an overview of the information. It just helps us get a brief idea of the given data.
Chunking down:Unlike the previous type of chunking, chunking down helps us get detailed information.
So, if you just want an insight, consider “chunking up” otherwise prefer “chunking down”.
Implementation of chunking in PythonImagine a situation in which you want to extract all the verbs from the given text for your analysis. Thus, in this case, we must consider the chunking of verb phrases. This is because our objective is to extract all verb phrases from the given piece of text. Chunking is done with the help of regular expressions.
Don’t worry if it’s the first time you are coming across the term, “regular expressions”. The below table is here, at your rescue:
Symbol
Meaning
Example
*
The preceding character can occur zero or more times meaning that the preceding character may or may not be there.
ab* matches all inputs starting with ab and then followed by zero or more number of b’s. The pattern will match ab, abb ,abbb and so on.
+
The preceding character should occur at least once.
a+ matches a,aa,aaa and so on.
?
The preceding character may not occur at all or occur only once meaning the preceding character is optional.
ab? matches ab,abb but not abbb and so on.
The above table includes the most common regular expressions used. Regular expressions are very useful in the command line especially while deleting, locating, renaming, or moving files.
Anyways, for this implementation, we will only be using *. Feel free to look at the above table to familiarize yourself with the symbol!
We will be performing chunking using nltk, the most popular NLP library. So, let us first import it.
import nltkLet’s consider the below sample text which I created on my own. Feel free to replace the below with any sample text you like to implement chunking!
sample_text=""" Rama killed Ravana to save Sita from chúng tôi legend of the Ramayan is the most popular Indian epic.A lot of movies and serials have already been shot in several languages here in India based on the Ramayana. """Clearly, the data has to be sentence tokenized and then word tokenized before we proceed. Tokenization is nothing but the process of breaking down the given piece of text into smaller units such as sentences, in the case of sentence tokenization and words, in the case of word tokenization.
Followed by tokenization, POS(part-of-speech) tagging is done for each word, in which the part-of-speech of every word will be identified. Now, we are interested only in the verb part-of-speech and wish to extract the same.
Hence, specify the part-of-speech of our interest using the required regular expression as follows:
VB: {}
tokenized=nltk.sent_tokenize(sample_text) for i in tokenized: words=nltk.word_tokenize(i) # print(words) tagged_words=nltk.pos_tag(words) # print(tagged_words) chunkGram=r"""VB: {}""" chunkParser=nltk.RegexpParser(chunkGram) chunked=chunkParser.parse(tagged_words) chunked.draw()The regular expression(RE) is enclosed within angular brackets() which in turn are enclosed within curly brackets({ and }).
NOTE: Specify the RE according to the required POS
VB stands for the verb POS. The dot succeeding the VB means to match any character following VB. The question mark after the dot specifies that any character after B must occur only once or must not occur at all. However, from the table which we saw previously, this character is optional. We have framed the regular expression in this manner because, in NLTK, verb phrases include the following POS tags:
POS
Meaning
VB
Verb in its base form
VBD
verb in its past tense
VBG
verb in its present tense
VBN
verb in its past participle form
VBP
Verb in its present tense but not in third person singular
VBZ
Verb in its present tense and is third person singular
Thus, verb phrases can belong to any of the above POS. That’s why the regular expression is framed as VB.? which includes all of the above categories. RegexpParser package is used to check if a POS satisfies our required pattern which we have mentioned using the RE previously.
The entire code can be seen as follows:
import nltk nltk.download('averaged_perceptron_tagger') sample_text=""" Rama killed Ravana to save Sita from chúng tôi legend of the Ramayan is the most popular Indian epic.A lot of movies and serials have already been shot in several languages here in India based on the Ramayana. """ tokenized=nltk.sent_tokenize(sample_text) for i in tokenized: words=nltk.word_tokenize(i) # print(words) tagged_words=nltk.pos_tag(words) # print(tagged_words) chunkGram=r"""VB: {}""" chunkParser=nltk.RegexpParser(chunkGram) chunked=chunkParser.parse(tagged_words) chunked.draw() ResultsFinally, we obtain a tree form of the POS of the words along with the words whose POS matches with the given RE. The snapshot of the output obtained for the sample text passed by us can be seen in the above figures.
Observe that the words which satisfy our RE for verb phrases alone are clearly highlighted in the output. Hence, chunking of verb phrases has been performed successfully.
Hope you found my article useful.
Thank You!
References1. Implementing chunking in Python
2. Theory behind chunking
3. Full list of POS available in NLP
About MeI am Nithyashree V, a final year BTech Computer Science and Engineering student. I love learning such cool technologies and putting them into practice, especially observing how they help us solve society’s challenging problems. My areas of interest include Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Natural Language Processing.
Here is my LinkedIn profile: My LinkedIn
You can read my other articles on Analytics Vidhya from here.
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Related
Waiting For Winter In World Of Warcraft
A couple guys in my guild got into a Ventrillo debate this afternoon about where to find the best winter-themed areas in World of Warcraft. With it finally snowing here in Michigan and the occasional holiday song percolating in my iTunes playlist, I’m in the mood for scenery like frosted pines and ice-glazed castle parapets.
Instead, I’m stuck surfing mustard-haze jungles with chirruping bugs, flying snakes, and ruin-littered pools that put me in mind of books like Scott Smith’s The Ruins (think Little Shops of Horrors meets The Vampire Diaries) or films like Apocalypse Now.
Start Me Up
I’m a lowly level 55, which used to be a lordly level 55 back in 2004 before Blizzard went and knocked the ceiling off the game. That means I’m currently restricted to areas that either look like Mordor, the set of that silly 1982 Swamp Thing movie, or a gunk-covered map swarming with Zerg in StarCraft II.
Scanning an atlas, Icecrown Citadel in Northrend looks like the obvious contender, but then my Vent group begs to differ.
“Are you high?” says another. “It’s all over Northrend. Haven’t you been to Storm Peaks?”
“No way, it’s all mostly buildings and crap.”
“Man, check it out, there’s so much snow, it’s where they filmed The Empire Strikes Back.”
I let them bicker and do a search on ‘Storm Peaks’. It sounds promising. You’ve got Storm Giants and Wendigo on the mob list. And there’s that Wendigo character in the X-Men books. He’s from Northern Canada, which is really just a euphemism for “Arctic Circle.”
But I still have miles to go before I’m poking my nose around the Lich King’s haunts. Northrend’s for players in the high 70s according to the leveling guides. I’ll probably hit 70 sometime next week if I’m lucky, which is really just a euphemism for “if my wife lets me.”
Speed Me Up
In the meantime I’m paddling around Atal’Hakkar, a pyramidal temple with plumbing issues. It has one of those initial rite-of-passage moments where you swim under a wall and resurface in an interior pool. Very birth-metaphor. The torches never go out, of course, and the floors and ceilings glow aquamarine. Where do you quarry aquamarine stone? Who knows, but it looks appropriately cool–unlike an actual ancient temple, which of course wouldn’t have everlasting torches, and you’d probably describe as “pitch-black.”
The last few patches were supposed to streamline the questing process, which they have, speaking as a guy who’s leveled through a bunch of changes. You can solo pop much faster than before and sew up a zone in a couple hours. Quest-givers congregate at the start of instances instead of all over the map, making it easier to turn stuff in, and the zone maps have been completely redrawn to help you better gauge where things sit. You can even turn in some chain quests using telepathy. That’s not what Blizzard calls it, but when you finish part of a quest chain, the quest-giver pops in, says a few words, then ushers you on to part two or three or four.
So I’ll keep playing, if only to see what PvP’s like from level 80 on. The guys in my guild tell me that’s where the game really begins, which if true, would explain why Blizzard’s suddenly made it so much easier to get there.
Follow us on Twitter (@game_on)
Play Your Music Wirelessly With The Blackberry Music Gateway
What is Blackberry Music Gateway?Previously, we had to connect our devices to a speaker through a cord to hear the music. This, many times, prevented us from being able to charge said device, go in the other room to answer an email with it, or do other things with the device being used. Cords were a way that tied down that device, forcing you to interrupt the music session when needed. While this may be just fine for someone blasting music to their own delight at home, for individuals at parties, this just isn’t acceptable. Blackberry Music Gateway solves this problem by allowing individuals to have a device connected to their speakers, sort of as a connection portal (or Gateway) that connects the device holding the music, with the gadget playing the music.
The good thing about this device is that you don’t need to own a Blackberry to connect to it. As long as your mobile devices support bluetooth or NFC, you can easily pair it with the Gateway and blast your music wirelessly. And yes, when I say “mobile devices”, it includes your laptop as well.
How Do I Set it Up?First off, you need to ensure that you have your device connected before connecting to the speakers. To do this, ensure that your Gateway is in some sort of power source. This can be a laptop if you are on the go (through the USB port), your car headphone jack, or even an outlet if you’re stationary. From there, you should see a light on.
You should expect to see either a blue, red, or green at any time through the life of your Blackberry Music Gateway.
Green always means that it’s powered on.
A red light always means you don’t have a connection. If it’s flashing quickly, this should be an alert to you that you lost your connection. If blinking slowly, this simply means you haven’t attempted a connection just yet.
The next color is blue, if this is blinking fast, then good news, you’re connected. If not, then it’s still good news, this means your Gateway is playing a song/sound. If mixed with red, this means it’s currently attempting to connect.
After the Gateway is plugged to a power source, press the top of the Gateway device, you’ll then have to go on to your Blackberry (or any other mobile device) and activate Bluetooth. Once Bluetooth is activated, you should be able to see the name “BlackBerry Music Gateway” in the list. At this point, once it is selected and paired, the light should be Blue.
To pair with NFC, Near-Field Communication, power the Gateway on, press the top of the Gateway, and activate NFC on your BlackBerry. From there, tap the Blackberry on top of the Music Gateway to activate.
My Experience with Music GatewayDuring my week with the Blackberry Music Gateway, I found it to be a device fitting for a get-together or even while on the road. When testing it out on multiple platforms (in the car, through a television, and traditional speakers), I found it to be quite useful. iPhone and Mac games were able to have a more amplified sound when being hooked up to the speakers, increasing the gaming experience. When testing it on the Blackberry, that’s where I truly was able to appreciate the freedom of not being tied down by cords when listening to music and doing other tasks.
ConclusionDo you need a Blackberry to get the best experience? No, not at all. RIM found a great way to make this platform-blind. Consumers will still not have the device on mind though due to the Blackberry name. Many will say, “I don’t have a Blackberry, so why would I need the Blackberry Music Gateway”. This wasn’t necessarily done on purpose or by accident by RIM, the device is made for Blackberry devices. The ability to work on other devices is just coincidence. That being said, paying $50 to not be tied down to cords while using your Bluetooth device is still something I see as not a bad purchase. Let’s just say, once Apple introduces a NFC iPhone, you’ll probably appreciate the purchase even more!
The Blackberry Music Gateway is sold on the RIM website for $49.95.
Ari Simon
Ari Simon has been a writer with Make Tech Easier since August 2011. Ari loves anything related to technology and social media. When Ari isn’t working, he enjoys traveling and trying out the latest tech gadget.
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