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Introduction to PHP wordwrap()

The PHP wordwrap() function of the PHP Programming Language is actually an inbuilt function which helps to wrap a string into many number of characters with the help of a break character inside of the wordwrap() function. It runs only for the PHP 4.0.2 version and also for other above PHP versions in order to support the function. This PHP wordwrap() function helps in wrapping a string into many new lines when it is going to reach to its given length. This function is one the best function when handling the string function in the PHP Programming Language and in some other languages too.

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Syntax wordwrap($str1, $width1, $break1, $cut1)

The wordwrap() function of the PHP Programming Language usually accepts four parameters as mentioned above under the syntax section.

$str1: The $str1 Parameter of the wordwrap() function is actually helps in specifying the input string which is actually need to breakup into many lines.

$width1: The $width1 Parameter of the wordwrap() function is actually helps in specifying the number of characters at which point the string has to be/will be wrapped. These are the number of the characters after which the string value will break.

$break1: The $break1 Parameter of the wordwrap() function is actually an optional parameter but if it is specified then it will append the value at the exact point of string break.

$cut1: The $cut1 Parameter of the wordwrap() function is actually a Boolean parameter. If this $cut1 parameter value is set to TRUE value then the string is always going to be wrapped at that point or before the exact specified width. That means it is also going to break a word which are between if it comes in the middle of a constraint that is actually specifying the width1 parameter. And if this cut1 parameter is set to the FALSE value then the wordwrap() function don’t even split the word even if the width parameter has less value than the word’s width.

Return Value:

The wordwrap() function helps in returning a string which is wrapped upto the specified length. It is nothing but a string which is going to be broken into many lines on success or FALSE value on failure.

How wordwrap() Function works in PHP?

The wordwrap() function of the PHP Programming Language mainly based on the four parameters which are mentioned inside of the wordwrap() function. It works by wrapping the given string into number of characters by using the breaking character “break character” but this only works for PHP 4.0.2 and for other above PHP versions. Below are the examples to implement:

Example #1

Code:

<?php $text1 = "My Name is Pavan Kumar Sake."; echo "$newtext1";

Output:

Example #2

Code:

<?php $stringn1 = "Pavan Kumar Sake a Blogger PhysicsNerd and BusinessMan"; $width1 = 10; echo wordwrap($stringn1, $width1, $break1);

Example #3

Code:

<?php $stringn1 = "Congratulations! Pavan Sake kumar"; $width1 = 8; echo wordwrap($stringn1, $width1, $break1);

Output:

Example #4 <?php $stringnn1 = "Congratulations! Power Ranger of the World"; $width11 = 8; $cut11 = true; echo wordwrap($stringnn1, $width11, $break11, $cut11);

Output:

Example #5

This program is so similar to the example 4 but here $cut1 parameter value is passed with the FALSE value and stringnn1 variable is passed new string value, width parameter is mentioned with 7 as value. So the output will be different. For bigger strings or smaller strings, whole strings will be printed after some spaces like that. But most of the time the width of the strings which are wrapped will be of the length “7”.

Code:

<?php $stringnn1 = "Be a part of Game Changer :: profitloops"; $width11 = 7; $cut11 = false; echo wordwrap($stringnn1, $width11, $break11, $cut11);

Output:

Conclusion

I hope you learnt what is the definition of PHP wordwrap() function along with its syntax with all the parameters explanation, How the wordwrap() function works in PHP Programming language along with various examples of implementing the wordwrap() function to understand the wordwrap() function better.

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How Unserialize Function Work In Php With Examples?

Introduction to PHP unserialize

The PHP unserialize is one of the functions that can be used for to convert the serialized datas into the actual user input datas; it is an opposite process of serialize function mainly it will focus on the arrays, mapping collections it will calculate the array index for each element the big size or some other complex data structures we used some default method for operating the datas also the unserialize () method is returning the Boolean value if the user input is not unserializeable, so the false is returned on the output console the object is created separately for unserialize function.

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Syntax:

PHP has its own syntax for variables, keywords, and functions for creating web-based applications more sophisticated. Generally, PHP serialize format is not well documented like serialize() function; it supports serialized integers, floats, booleans, strings, arrays. Objects and it includes other references for support in the unserialize implementation.

<?php $input= array('',''); $var = serialize($input); $var1 = unserialize($var); ---some php codes based on the user needs---

The above codes are the basic syntax for using the serialize() and unserialize() function in PHP. It supports all the data types and other default functions.

How unserialize Function Work in PHP?

The unserialize function depends on the serialize function; whatever the datas are called and used on that function, it will be fully serialized with keys. If we want to access the data, we want to deserialize the datas or unserialize the datas in the code. Then only we accessed the data; it is also used for the file concepts. Using these serialize and unserialize() functions always return the Boolean conditions it will be to secure and more protected on the unserializing objects, or we can call it as untrusted datas. So it will be avoided for some other malwares, viruses from the outside of the machine. It also secured with the code injections and even db end it will avoid some sql injections attacks for untrusted malware sites.

Generally, the unserialize() function takes two parameters, str and options; the str is one of the parameters it contains serialized strings waiting for to be deserialized, and options are one of the arrays it contains for the control for certain function behaviors it accepts only for valid users particularly inbuilt classes like allowed_classes. It accepts only for the specified class names and particularly some methods like _wakeup() and _destruct(); these methods are implementing by using the serialized objects; when we use this method, it automatically executed when the unserialize() function is called on the specific object.

Examples of PHP unserialize

Given below are the examples of PHP unserialize:

Example #1

Code:

<?php $inputs = serialize(array('Siva', 'Raman', 'Sivaraman', 'wdigb', 'dwiugv', '87dhg', 'wdhgv', 'edhgfv', 'hfe', 'wgieufv', 'ehoije', 'iwuoegf', 'wuieguv','jdgv', 'wqgdjf', 'khwdjgh','jdhfdkswi', 'uqiwuke', 'iqweyf', 'oiuqiwleyugu' )); $vars = unserialize($inputs); var_dump ($vars); echo $vars;

In the above example, we used the serialize and unserialize() functions are in the same codes. Whenever the user gives the input to the application, it will store it on a separate variable, and it is the serialized one and it also to be print on the console by using the echo statements. We want to unserialize the datas by using the unserialize() function, and it will be stored it on a separate variable, and also it will be printed by using the same echo statements. If we want to print the results on the console, we will use other default methods like print, echo etc. these are some methods which is used on the PHP scripts.

Example #2

Code:

<?php class demo { public $vars; } class demo1 { public $vars1; } class demo2 extends demo { public $vars2, $vars3; } class demo3 extends demo2{ public $vars4; } class demo4 extends demo3 { public $vars5; } class demo5 extends demo4 { public $vars6; } class demo6 extends demo5{ public $vars7; } class demo7 extends demo6 { public $vars8,$vars9, $vars10; } $c1 = new demo(); $c3 = new demo2(); $c2 = new demo1(); $d1 = serialize($c1); $d2 = serialize($c2); $d5 = serialize($c3);

Output:

Example #3

Code:

<?php class demo { public $vars; } $vars1= new demo(); $vars2= serialize($vars1); $vars3= unserialize($vars2); echo  var_dump($vars3);

Output:

In the final example, we used both serialize and unserialize functions in that we used key-value pairs for the unserialize the arrays and objects in PHP. We used one variable with the value “Siva” it will be a plain text string and then is converted back to the object that is serialized and unserialized the values.

Conclusion

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How Foldleft Function Works In Scala With Examples?

Introduction to Scala foldLeft

Scala foldLeft function can be used with the collection data structure in scala. Also, foldLeft is applicable for both immutable and mutable data structures of collection. This function takes two arguments as parameters. One is the binary operator and the second argument of the collection always points to the current elements of the collection. This binary operator is used to settle the elements of the collection.

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Syntax of Scala foldLeft:

This method takes two arguments as a parameter, and it traverses from left to right, so it is named as the foldLeft() method.

def foldLeft[B](z: B)(op: (B, A) ⇒ B): B

Example:

val result = list.foldLeft(1.1)(_ + _)

In this, we give the initial value to the function as 1.1 and try to sum all the elements present in the list. This can be applied to any collection data structure.

How foldLeft Function works in Scala?

foldLeft function traverse the element of collection data structure from left to right to it is named as foldLeft() function in scala. It takes two parameters, and also we can specify the initial value by using this function. This function is a recursive function and helps us from stack-overflow exceptions while programming.

This function is the member function of TraversableOnce in scala. TraversableOnce is a trait built to remove the duplicate code of Traversable and Iterator, which implements the common functions. This trait also contains abstract methods, and the Traversable and Iterator provide this abstract method implementation.

Now we will see one example where we will initialize our list of elements and trying to apply the foldLeft function on it.

Example:

Code:

val myList: Seq[Int] = Seq(10, 30, 50, 60) println(myList)

In this, we are creating one Sequence of integers containing around 4 variables and trying to print out the sequence elements.

Code:

val result = myList.foldLeft(0)(_ + _) println("result is  ::" + result)

After creating the sequence, now we want to sum all the elements present inside the sequence. For this, we are using the foldLeft function. First, we call foldLeft on our collection, followed by the initial value that we have assigned as 0. After that, we use the binary operator + to get the sum of all elements present inside the collection sequence. We can use any binary operator here depend upon the requirement.

We can also use the foldLeft function with string type of collection data structure; we will see one example.

Here we are creating one List if string that contains so many elements into it. After that, we are just printing our newly created list that all.

Example:

Code:

val myList: List[String] = List("amit", "sumit", "vinit", "lalti", "minit") println(myList)

Example:

Now we are trying to add some string after our every element present into the for this, we are using the foldLeft function, and inside this function, we are appending the string that we want to show.

We can also pass a function obtained value directly to the foldLeft function to concatenate the string.

Example:

Code:

val myList: List[String] = List("amit", "sumit", "vinit", "lalti", "minit") println(myList) var result = myList.foldLeft("")(valFun) println(result)

So in the above example, we are passing the value function directly to the foldLeft function. It is just a simple way and more readable to the developer. But i would recommend the first approach to follow.

Examples of Scala foldLeft

Given below are the examples of Scala foldLeft:

Example #1

In this example, we are modifying the string list elements by using the foldLeft function in scala.

Code:

object Main extends App{ val myList: List[String] = List("amit", "sumit", "vinit", "lalti", "minit") println("list before foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(myList) println("list after foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(result) }

Output:

Example #2

In this example, we are finding the sum of all the elements present inside the List collection data structure.

object Main extends App{ val myList: List[Int] = List(100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700) println("list before foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(myList) var result  = myList.foldLeft(0)(_+_) println("list after foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(result) }

Output:

Example #3

In this example, we are applying different binary operators on the list of integers by using the foldLeft function.

Code:

object Main extends App{ val myList: List[Int] = List(100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700) println("list before foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(myList) var result  = myList.foldLeft(0)(_-_) println("list after foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(result) var result1  = myList.foldLeft(0)(_*_) println("list after foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(result1) }

Output:

Example #4

In this example, we are finding the maximum value of the collection by using the max function inside the foldLeft function available in scala.

Code:

object Main extends App{ val myList: List[Int] = List(100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700) println("list before foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(myList) var result  = myList.foldLeft(0)(_ max _) println("list after foldLeft function is  :::: ") println(result) }

Output:

Conclusion

foldLeft functions traverse each element of the collection data structure and help us to perform operations on the element. Thus, it is more reduced and simplified, and untestable to the programmers. Also, it reduces the number of lines of code.

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How The Undef Function Works In Perl With Examples?

Introduction to Perl undef function

Undef function is used to make the value of the variable undefined in Perl. If we want to make the value of the variable undefined, then we can use the undef function in Perl; this function can be used with a variable, has, list, etc. undef function does not delete the value, but rather it will clear the variable value and make it undefined. So if we want to delete any value, then we have to use the delete function for this; after using undef for any variable, it will make it blank or reset it. In the coming section, we will discuss more this function in detail for better understanding.

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As we discussed already, this function is used to make the value of the list, scalar variable, hash as undefined. It will reset them. Let’s see its syntax for a better understanding of how to use this while programming see below;

1) undef EXPR: in this, we can provide the expression it can anything a variable or list or hash as well.

2) undef: This function can be used without the parentheses as well.

3) undef(): If we want, we can have parentheses as well.

Immediately after the undef keyword, we can write our variable name to make it undefined in Perl. In the coming section, we will see some more sample examples for beginners or better understanding.

How undef function works in Perl?

We know that we undef function is used with a list, hash, or scalar variable to make their value undefined. If you want to make the value undefined or want to reset the value of the variable after some operation, then we can use the undef function in Perl. After making it undefined we can check it for NULL or NIL. Sometimes we may require to reinitialize the variable while programming so we can use the undef function; we can use this function with or without the parentheses in Perl. Immediately after this function, we can provide our variable, which we want to make as undefined. Let’s discuss the method signature with the return type see below;

Method Signature:

1) undef your_variable: This function can be used without parentheses; after this, we can assign the variable name. this will reset the value of the variable and make it undefined.

2) return type: This function returns the undefined as the value.

Let’s see one sample example to see how we can use this function in Perl; below is the sample example for beginners to understand its working in detail see below;

e.g. :

print "Demo for undef in perln"; $myvariable = 50; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable}n"; undef $myvariable; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable}n";

Points to remember while using the undef function in Perl :

1) This function does not delete the variable from the memory t just makes it blank.

2) If we want to delete the variable, we have to use the delete function in Perl.

3) This function is very easy to use; after the function, we can simply mention the variable name. This is very easy to read and understand.

Examples

Here are the following examples mention below

Example #1

In this example, we are using the undef function to make the value of the variable undefined. We have created several variables to test it. First, it will print the values; after that, it will become vacant all the values from the variable.

print "Demo for undef in perln"; $myvariable1 = 300; $myvariable2 = 500; $myvariable3 = 600; $myvariable4 = 700; $myvariable5 = 800; print "value inside all the variable :::n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable1}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable2}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable3}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable4}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable5}n"; undef $myvariable1; undef $myvariable2; undef $myvariable3; undef $myvariable4; undef $myvariable5; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable1}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable2}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable3}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable4}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable5}n";

Output:

Example #2

In this example, we are trying to use undef with the string variable in Perl. In this example also we have created so many variables to make it easier to understand better. After that, we are calling the undef function to make the blank.

Code:

print "Demo for undef in perln"; $myvariable1 = "hello"; $myvariable2 = "sampleexmpale"; $myvariable3 = "to show"; $myvariable4 = "undef"; $myvariable5 = "working in perl"; print "value inside all the variable :::n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable1}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable2}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable3}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable4}n"; print "value before is  :: ${myvariable5}n"; undef $myvariable1; undef $myvariable2; undef $myvariable3; undef $myvariable4; undef $myvariable5; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable1}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable2}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable3}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable4}n"; print "value after is  ::  ${myvariable5}n";

Output:

Conclusion

By using the undef function, we can make the value of the variable blank or undefined; it basically stands for undefined. This function does not delete the variable; rather, it makes it blank. This function is very easy to use and understand. We can apply checks on variables after resetting them. Also, it is an in-built function of Perl, and we do not require to include any library from the marketplace.

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Learn How With Statement Works In Mariadb?

Introduction to MariaDB with

MariaDB allows to run subquery expressions; most of the time, the query having a temporary table that is only available for a specified duration of a query. With keyword is used for common table expression. With keyword is help full to run the subquery expression in the statement. We will use common table expressions for recursive common expression data structure and non-recursive common expression data structure with clauses. In recursive common expression, we can execute the query as per the sequence defined by the user. In the non-recursive common table expression sequence of the query, it depends on the other terms. We can use two clauses at a time that is with and cycle clause as per the requirement of the user.

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Syntax

with recursive table reference [(colm 1 colm 2)] as ( select…….. ) [cycle cycle colm list restrict ] Select….

In the above syntax, we use a keyword followed by a table reference name with all column name lists with respective referenced table; after that, we use a select clause to execute the subquery in the statement. The cycle keyword is used to avoid the infinite loops from the statement. MariaDB supports nonstandard grammar.

When we use cycle ………restrict so there is no difference between union all or union distinct that is union all means all rows without cycles and union distinct all rows should be different.

How with statement works in MariaDB?

Let’s see how with works in MariaDB as follows.

Basically, with keyword refers to the common table expression and common table expression and clause is used to execute subquery, and there are two types of common table expression as follows.

Recursive CTE

The common table expression allows the query to reference itself. A recursive common table expression will repeatedly execute a subquery in the statement, or we can say it will execute a subset of data until it obtained the correct result. Mainly recursive common table expression helps handle hierarchical or tree data structures.

Non-Recursive CTE

Basically, non-recursive common table expressions execute the local query, in which we can refer to the other places as per user requirement. Nonrecursive CTE means it does not have any sequence; it depends on any other term in the sequence.

Example of MariaDB with

Let’s see the different examples with clauses as follows.

First, we need to create three different tables to implement them with the clause; now, we create tables by using the create table statement as follows.

create table math (no_1 int(20), no_2 int(20), no_3 int(20));

Explanation

By using the above syntax, we created table name math with different attributes such as no_1, no_2, and no_3, as shown in the above statement. After that, we insert some records into the math by using insert into statements. The final output of the show databases queries we illustrate by using the following snapshot.

Similarly, we created a second table by using the create table statement as follows.

create table math1 (no_a int(20), no_b int(20), no_c int(20));

By using the above syntax, we created table name math1 with different attributes such as no_a, no_b, and no_c, as shown in the above statement. After that, we insert some records into math1 by using insert into statement. The final output of the show databases queries we illustrate by using the following snapshot.

Now create one more table by using the same process as follows.

create table m (no_1 int(20), no_2 int(20), no_3 int(20));

Explanation

By using the above syntax, we created table name m with different attributes, as shown in the above statement. After that, we insert some records into them by using insert into statement. The final output of the show databases queries we illustrate by using the following snapshot.

Now we have three different tables now used with clauses to execute subquery as follows.

select math.no_1, math.no_2 from math, math1 select math1.no_c from math1, m where math1.no_c = m.no_1 );

Explanation

Now let’s see a recursive example as follows.

We have a table name as BR, and it has different attributes such as origin and end and this we created by using a create table statement.

WITH RECURSIVE bus_dst as ( SELECT origin as end FROM BR WHERE origin='New York' UNION SELECT chúng tôi FROM BR, bus_dst WHERE bus_dst.end= BR.origin ) SELECT * FROM bus_dst;

Explanation

In the above example, we use clause and recursive keyword to execute the subquery as shown above. In this example, there are two subqueries see in the above statement, and we need to execute recursively. First is calculated generated result by query then it starts from Mumbai now it added origin cities. The next part of this example is that recursive it selects some cities from the first subquery union with the second subquery; finally, it computes the path for query execution, so in this way, execution of the above statement will be executed. The final output of the show databases queries we illustrate by using the following snapshot.

Similarly, we implement non-recursive common table expressions as per the requirement of the user. We can also use cycle clauses with different options.

Conclusion

We hope from this article you have understood about MariaDB. From this article, we have learned the basic syntax of MariaDB with, as well as common table expressions, and we also see different examples MariaDB with. From this article, we learned how and when we use MariaDB with.

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How Include Works In Linq With Examples?

Introduction to LINQ Include

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Syntax:

Let’s understand the following syntax,

var C_OrderDetails=context.customer details.Include ("OrderDetails").ToList();

In this syntax, we use the include method to combine the related entities in the same query, like merging multiple entities in a single query.

How does include work in LINQ? Var COrderDetails=context.CustomerDetails.Include ("OrderDetails").ToList();

By using only SQL statements instead of using the Include() methods, we need to generate the following queries to retrieve the same above,

SELECT * FROM CustomerDetails;

Instead of using Include (“OrderDetails”), the code looks as follows,

SELECT * FROM CustomerDetails JOIN OrderDetails ON Customer_ID=OrderDetails.Customer_ID; Var Customer_OrderDetails= context.CustomerDetails.Include("OrderDetails").Include("LineItems").Include ("ProducDetails").ToList();

We can make it use multiple calls to Include() to get the objects along various paths. If you require the objects in the same path, you must make a single call specifying the entire path.

Example

When using Include, if we have n number of queries to execute n number of times that is time-consuming, then it’s like select N+1 problem; this issue happens only because the lazy loading mechanism enables by default to execute a single query n number of queries to do something. So it’s better to avoid the select N+1 problem in Entity Framework; we need to use the Include Method, which helps to build a single query with required data using the Join clause, and this is the most resourceful way compared to executing queries multiple times.

Let’s see the sample program with the use of LINQ_Include. We need to include the namespace chúng tôi entity which the LINQ Include is an extension method of the Data.Entity namespace. Entity Framework version provides LINQ Include() by using chúng tôi and System.Data.Entity.

Code:

using System; using System.Data.Entity; using System.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Program_LINQ_Include { public static void Main() { Inserting_Data(); using (var context = new EntityContext()) { var customers = context.Customers .ToList(); Displaying_Data(customers); } } public static void Inserting_Data() { using (var context = new EntityContext()) { context.BulkInsert(CustomerData()); context.BulkInsert(InvoiceData()); context.BulkInsert(ItemData()); } } { { new Customer() { Name ="Peter"}, new Customer() { Name ="Smith"}, new Customer() { Name ="James"} }; return list; } { { new Invoice() { Date = new DateTime(2023,5,3), CustomerID = 1}, new Invoice() { Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-5), CustomerID = 1}, new Invoice() { Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-3), CustomerID = 1}, new Invoice() { Date = new DateTime(2023,4,15), CustomerID = 2}, new Invoice() { Date = new DateTime(2023,2,20), CustomerID = 3}, new Invoice() { Date = new DateTime(2023,5,22), CustomerID = 3}, }; return list; } { { new Item() { Name = "Mobile-Charger", InvoiceID = 1}, new Item() { Name = "Laptop-DELL", InvoiceID = 1}, new Item() { Name = "Stationeries", InvoiceID = 1}, new Item() { Name = "Note-Books", InvoiceID = 2}, new Item() { Name = "DataCard", InvoiceID = 2}, new Item() { Name = "PenDrive", InvoiceID = 3}, new Item() { Name = "Water-Bottles", InvoiceID = 3}, new Item() { Name = "Stationeries", InvoiceID = 3}, new Item() { Name = "DataCard", InvoiceID = 4}, new Item() { Name = "School-Bags", InvoiceID = 4}, new Item() { Name = "Table-Chairs", InvoiceID = 4}, new Item() { Name = "Lap-Table", InvoiceID = 4}, new Item() { Name = "Mobile-Charger", InvoiceID = 5}, new Item() { Name = "School-Bags", InvoiceID = 5}, new Item() { Name = "Stationeries", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "Laptop-DELL", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "Loptop-Cover", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "PenDrive", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "Memory-Card", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "Mobile-Charger", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "School-Bags", InvoiceID = 6}, new Item() { Name = "Touch-Pad", InvoiceID = 6}, }; return list; } { foreach(var customer in list) { Console.WriteLine(customer.Name); foreach(var invoice in customer.Invoices) { Console.WriteLine("t" + invoice.Date); foreach(var item in invoice.Items) { Console.WriteLine("tt" + item.Name); } } } Console.WriteLine("tt"); } }

Output:

Let’s understand the above example, like how the LINQ Includes functionality to load the related entities. To assume that the Customer_Details Object has links to its Invoice_Details and those orders have an ItemData reference. Likewise, we can make several links to the related objects by using LINQ Include(), which allows you to specify the related entities to be read from the database in a single query.

Conclusion

I have explained the LINQ Include() method with several examples programmatically in this article. It enables us to retrieve the related entities from the database in the same query. Using the Include method in a single query, we can easily read all related entities from the database.

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