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Read next: P-OLED vs IPS LCD display technology explained
Roughly speaking there are two main types of displays used in smartphones: LCD and LED. These two base technologies have been refined and tweaked to give us AMOLED and IPS LCD. The former stands for Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode, while the latter means In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display.
All of this hasn’t gone unnoticed by the marketing people, which means that plain old AMOLED or regular IPS LCD aren’t the terms used in the marketing fluff. Instead, we have Super AMOLED, Dynamic AMOLED, Super LCD, Super Retina OLED, Super Retina XDR, Infinity Display, and so on. But what’s any of that actually mean?
AMOLED
The LED part of AMOLED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It’s the same tech as you find on many home appliances that show that the power is on with a little red light. An LED display takes this concept, shrinks it down, and arranges the LEDs in red, green, and blue clusters to create an individual pixel.
The O in AMOLED stands for organic. It refers to a series of thin organic material films placed between two conductors in each LED. These produce light when a current is applied.
Finally, the AM part in AMOLED stands for Active Matrix, rather than a passive matrix technology. In a passive matrix, a complex grid system is used to control individual pixels, where integrated circuits control a charge sent down each column or row. But this is rather slow and can be imprecise. Active Matrix systems attach a thin film transistor (TFT) and capacitor to each sub-pixel (i.e. red, green, or blue) LED. The upshot is that when a row and column is activated, the capacitor at the pixel can retain its charge in between refresh cycles, allowing for faster and more precise control.
The image above is a close-up shot of the AMOLED display on the Samsung Galaxy S8. The RGB triangular pattern is clearly shown. Towards the bottom of the image, the green and red LEDs are off and the blue LEDs are on only slightly. This is why AMOLED displays have deep blacks and good contrast.
The pros and cons of AMOLEDPros:
Plastic substrate is thin and light.
Plastic substrate offers better shock absorption and less risk of breakage.
Excellent viewing angles.
Potential for a very wide color gamut.
Deep blacks and excellent contrast ratio as individual pixels can be turned off, making it well suited for HDR.
Good energy efficiency and battery life.
Cons:
More difficult and expensive production techniques (i.e. curved displays), with unoptimized yields affecting availability.
Blue LEDs degrade faster than red or green, reducing the panel’s life cycle before a notable color shift.
“Burn-in” is a risk, as pixels can degrade at different speeds if one part of the display consistently shows a static image.
What are Super AMOLED, Dynamic AMOLED, and Infinity Display?Super AMOLED is a marketing term from Samsung. It means a display that incorporates the capacitive touchscreen right in the display, instead of it being a separate layer on top of the display. This makes the display thinner.
Dynamic AMOLED is another marketing term from Samsung. It denotes Samsung’s next-generation AMOLED display which includes HDR10+ certification. According to Samsung, Dynamic AMOLED also reduces the harmful blue light emitted from the display, which helps reduce eye strain and helps lessen sleep disturbances if you’re using your phone late in the day!
As for Infinity Display (or Infinity-O Display), it is more marketing from Samsung. It means “a near bezel-less, full-frontal, edge-to-edge” display. However, it is still a Super AMOLED unit.
See also: Right on schedule, AMOLED production costs drop below LCD
IPS LCD
LCD displays work with a backlight that shines through some polarizing filters, a crystal matrix, and some color filters. Liquid crystals untwist when an electric charge is applied to them, which affects the frequency of the light that can pass through. Since the crystals can be twisted to varying degrees depending on the voltage used, a display can be built when they are used with polarized panels. A grid of integrated circuits is then used to control each pixel, by sending a charge down into a specific row or column. Colors are created by the use of red, green, and blue filters, known as sub-pixels, which are then blended by varying degrees to produce different colors.
The above image is of an LCD display from a HUAWEI Mate 8. Notice how the pixels are made up of equally-sized sub-pixels, one for each of the colors: red, green, and blue.
The pros and cons of LCDPros:
Excellent natural color reproduction and accuracy.
No risk of permanent “burn-in.”
Well-established manufacturing techniques, making LCD easily available.
Cons:
Viewing angles can be limited due to depth of layers.
Contrast ratio and deep blacks aren’t perfect, due to a blacklight that is consistently on.
Backlight leakage can be an issue in cheaper panels.
Pixels can suffer from lower aperture at higher resolutions, as transistor sizes can’t be shrunk further, reducing peak brightness and wasting energy.
Possible short-term problems with “image retention”.
Super LCD?Like Super AMOLED, a Super LCD display also incorporates the touchscreen. There is no “air gap” between the outer glass and the display element, which means it has similar benefits to Super AMOLED.
Related: AMOLED vs LCD: what’s the difference?
Retina, Super Retina, and Super Retina XDR displays Color accuracy and display resolutionBoth technologies can be used to build displays with 720p, 1080p, Quad HD, and 4K resolutions. And OEMs have made handsets that support HDR10 using both LCD and AMOLED displays. So from that point of view, there isn’t much difference between the two.
When it comes to color, we know that the blacks will be deeper and the contrast ratios higher on AMOLED displays. But, overall color accuracy can be high on both types of display.
Burn-in and image retentionOne of the main weaknesses of AMOLED displays is the possibility of “burn-in”. This is the name given to a problem where a display suffers from permanent discoloration across parts of the panel. This may take the form of a text or image outline, fading of colors, or other noticeable patches or patterns on the display. The display still works as normal, but there’s a noticeable ghost image or discoloration that persists. It occurs as a result of the different life spans between the red, green, and blue LED sub-pixels used in OLED panels.
Blue LEDs have significantly lower luminous efficiency than red or green pixels, which means that they need to be driven at a higher current. Higher currents cause the pixels to degrade faster. Therefore, an OLED display’s color doesn’t degrade evenly, so it will eventually lean towards a red/green tint (unless the blue sub-pixel is made larger, as you can see in the first image in this post). If one part of the panel spends a lot of time displaying a blue or white image, the blue pixels in this area will degrade faster than in other areas.
The theoretical lifespan of an AMOLED display is several years, even when used for 12 hours a day. But some defective panels degrade faster.
The theoretical lifespan of an AMOLED display is several years, even when used for 12 hours a day. However, there is anecdotal evidence that some displays suffer from burn-in quicker than others. Displays that show signs of burn-in after only a few months should be considered defective because they certainly aren’t normal.
While owners of devices with LCD screens might congratulate themselves for picking a smartphone that is immune to burn-in, there can be a problem with LCD panels called “image retention.” Put simply, liquid crystals can develop a tendency to stay in one position when left at the same voltage for extended periods. Thankfully this phenomenon is normally temporary and can usually be reversed by allowing the liquid crystals to return to their relaxed state.
Wrap-upPicking a winner can be hard as there are many factors to consider, not only about the display technologies but also about the other components in a handset. For example, if you are an AMOLED fan, then would you consider a device with large storage and a good processor, but with an LCD display? The same argument works the other way for LCD fans. Generally, you’ll be fine with either display type, so just pick the handset you like.
Higher-end devices typically sport AMOLED displays and mid-range/budget devices usually use LCD. But that isn’t set in concrete as there are plenty of high-end devices that have LCD displays. With OLED production costs dropping dramatically in recent years, more and more budget options will be offering OLED panels in the future.
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Switch Vs Router Vs Hub
Difference Between Switch vs Router vs Hub
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Head to Head Comparison Between Switch vs Router vs Hub (Infographics)Below are the Top 14 comparison between Switch vs Router vs Hub:
Key Difference Between Switch vs Router vs HubSome of the major key differences are mentioned below:
1. Short description of the devicesRouter applies headers and forward tables to decide the suitable for transmitting the packets and executes protocols to interact with every device and provide a suitable path between hosts. The switch is the network device that segregates and transmit the packets between LAN segments. It is based on the OSI reference model and backup of any type of packet protocol. Hub is a general network component that acts as a center point for the network’s connected devices. it comprises of multiple ports because the packet received at one port can be copied to every port in LAN to view all packets.
2. The framework of network devicesRouters are extremely different from hubs and switches. Hub and switch are disturbed with transmitting frames, whereas as the name suggests, the router transmits the packets to every network till that concerned packet reaches its destination. It contains the endpoint address and key elements of the packet.
3. Port of the network devices 4. Firewall offered by network devicesThe router provides a highly confidential firewall based on DHCP and DNS to protect the local area network from the attack of malicious content.
Comparison Table of Switch vs Router vs HubLet’s discuss the top comparison between Switch vs Router vs Hub:
Basis of Comparison Switch Router Hub
Definition of the devices A switch has a minimum level of brilliance that can open the messages, verify the IP address, and guide the message packets to port on that device with IP address resides. It cannot alter IP addresses or view address exterior of the range of the network. A router can read IP addresses and direct the message to another network with a varied IP address to the actual network. The router software can deploy up an address table. It knows to detect other devices. The hub is a simple device that is similar to the multi-plug unit and no in-built intelligent capability in it. A high complicated unit may integrate a repeater or amplifier. It connects two different networks.
The layer of each component It is the data link layer. It operates at the 2nd layer of the OSI design. The outer layer is present on the third layer of the network surface. It is similar to TCP or IP router that can efficiently transfer data from one network to another. Every single network consists of multiple interconnected routers. Hubs are divided into layer 1 devices as per the OSI design. It is present as a physical layer.
Connecting port 24/48 port is the connecting port present in this layer. It is a multi-port bridge. The LAN, Ethernet, uplink, and WAN ports are used in the router. 4/12 port is the connecting port present in this layer.
Type of device It is a software-based active device and also an effective networking device. It can be connected to a wireless router. In the case of wired systems, routers provide a limited number of ethernet clients. It is a passive device without using the software.
Type of transmission It performs broadcast initially. Then it performs multicast and unicast as required. It performs and supports every type of transmission mode. Hub works on the principle of frame floodings such as unicast, broadcast and multicast.
MAC address The network switch stores the MAC address in the lookup table. The network layer supports the router to store MAC addresses. The network hub is not trained to save the MAC address.
Format of Transmission data Frame with 1.2 switch, packets, and frames on 1.3 switch. Data transmission is made in the form of packets. It is transmitted as an electrical signal or.bits.
Mode of data transmission It follows a full-duplex transmission mode. It supports the full-duplex mode of transmission. It follows a Half-duplex transmission mode.
Function It enables multiple ports that can manage multiple connections. VLAN issues security measures to the system. It has the main function to connect different types of the network simultaneously that follows the adaptive and non-adaptive routing. To connect or interlink multiple system or components to each other is possible using positioning the hub.
Application of the device It is mostly used in Local Area Network. It mostly adapted in LAN and MAN. It is mostly used in Local Area Network.
Based on the broadcast domain Hub is based on one broadcast domain unless any VLAN is incorporated. There are double broadcast domains and provides a discrete domain for each boundary. Hub is based on the single broadcast domain.
Types of collision There is no possibility of connection is the full-duplex hub. There are five domains of collision in a router. A collision frequently occurs in hubs at the time of installation.
Spinning tree The switch has a high probability of many spinning trees. It has an intermediate chance for spinning trees. It has a no-spinning tree.
Manufacturer of the device It is developed by Cisco, Juniper, and D-Link. It is developed by Cisco. It is developed by Cisco, Oracle and Sun systems.
ConclusionHence, the hub combines to form an Ethernet network segment, whereas the switch can also connect it. But it is efficiently performed by routers.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Switch vs Router vs Hub. Here we discuss the introduction to Switch vs Router vs Hub, key differences with infographics, and comparison table. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more–
Bitbucket Vs Github Vs Gitlab
Difference between Bitbucket vs Github vs Gitlab
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Head to Head Comparison Between Bitbucket vs Github vs Gitlab (Infographics)Below are the top differences between Bitbucket vs Github vs Gitlab
Key differences of Bitbucket vs GitHub vs GitLab
The key difference between all these three platforms, i.e. Bitbucket, GitHub, and GitLab, is the support of the open-source repository in the platform. Among all three, GitLab is the only platform that supports an open-source repository. The GitLab platform provides the functionality to the user to see the complete code on their official website. In the GitHub platform, although there is a large category of the free, open-source project, it is not categorized in the open-source repository. In the GitHub platform, there are many free, open-source type projects and helps to connect people who have a similar interest. In the Bitbucket platform, there is self-hosted version functionality where the developer gets the option to host their project privately, but the open-source repository feature is not there in the Bitbucket platform.
The next difference between all these platforms is the importing of repositories. For a repository management platform, it must be able to import repositories from another platform also. In the case of the Bitbucket platform, the user can import repositories from the Mercurial platform. In GitHub, these functionalities are also supported, and the user can also import repositories from another platform. But in the case of the GitLab platform, the user can only import repositories from the git platform. If the user needs to use import the project from another platform, GitHub or Bitbucket is the perfect option for use.
Another difference between the Bitbucket platform, the GitHub platform, and the GitLab platform is the distribution of projects. The bitbucket platform is used to distribute the project among the team members and is beneficial for them. The GitHub platform uses the organization level to distribute the project and is widely used by companies and organizations. In the GitLab platform, the projects are distributed in groups, and members of groups can access the project and share the code on the Gitlab platform. The group-level management can be done by adding the users to the group and can manage the group using the notification feature of the GitLab platform.
The Bitbucket platform supports the feature of a pull request that help the request to pull the project from the platform. The GitHub platform also supports the pull request feature and helps the user get the platform’s project. In the GitLab platform, there is no such feature of the pull request, and instead of this merge request feature is supported in the GitLab platform.
The code snippet can be shared in Bitbucket and GitLab platform, while in the GitHub platform, the gist is shared for the user. The snippet can be shared either public, private, or internal. The original code’s snippet can help the user get the basic idea and use it.
Comparison Table of Bitbucket vs Github vs GitlabNow let’s draft the comparison between Bitbucket and Github, and Gitlab in the table below.
Factors Bitbucket GitHub GitLab
Free Private Repositories The Bitbucket provides the functionality of free private repositories to the users. There is no such functionality of free open repositories in the GitHub platform. The GitLab also provides the functionality of free private repositories to the users.
Free Public Repositories The Bitbucket provides the functionality of free public repositories to the users. GitHub also provides the functionality of free public repositories to users. The GitLab also provides the functionality of free public repositories to the users.
Merge Request or Issue templates There is no such functionality in the Bitbucket platform. In the GitHub platform, the user can ask for merge requests or issue templates. In the GitLab platform also the user can ask for merge requests or issue templates.
Integrated CI The integrated CI functionality is provided in the Bitbucket platform. There is no such functionality in the GitHub platform. If the user wants to use this functionality, a third-party application can be used. The integrated CI functionality is provided in the GitLab platform.
Open-Source The Bitbucket platform is not open source. The platform provides some features, but a complete platform is not open-source. The GitHub platform is also not open-source, and the user has limited free features in this platform. The GitLab is an open-source platform, and users can use all the features without paying any cost.
Navigation Usability There is no such functionality provided in the Bitbucket platform. The navigation usability is provided in the GitHub platform. The navigation usability is provided in the GitLab platform.
Large size file storage The Bitbucket platform is capable of providing the feature of storing file of large size. The GitHub platform is capable of providing the feature of storing file of large size.
Integration of third-party tool The Bitbucket platform is capable of integrating third-party tools into the platform. The GitHub platform is also capable of integrating third-party tools into the platform.
The GitLab platform is also capable of integrating third-party tools into the platform.
Project analytics The users can see the project analysis chart and burndown chart in the Bitbucket platform. There is no such functionality provided for the GitHub platform, and features are limited for the user. The user can see the burndown chart and project analysis chart in the GitLab platform.
ConclusionThe Bitbucket platform, GitLab platform, and GitHub platform are the platform that helps the user to manage the project and share the project using these projects. Using these platforms, the software development version becomes easy and helps in the development of the project very easily. And as these platforms are open-source, these can be easily used by the developers for developing new or existing projects.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Bitbucket vs Github vs Gitlab. Here we discuss the Bitbucket and Github, and Gitlab key differences with infographics and comparison table. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
Cold Vs. Flu Vs Covid
With the current pandemic of COVID-19 happening worldwide, it can be challenging to sift through all the information out there and figure out what’s true and what’s not. One of the critical questions is: how do we identify between a cold, flu, and COVID-19? In this guide, we will learn the differences between a cold, flu, and COVID-19 in terms of symptoms, causes, and treatments. We will also explore how to identify each type of viral infection so that you can make an informed decision on how to protect your body during this troubling time best.
ColdFor one, colds generally come on gradually, while the flu hits people suddenly and hard. Colds also tend to be milder than the flu and don’t usually require people to miss work or school. On the other hand, the flu can make people feel so sick they can’t get out of bed for several days.
Cold Symptoms Include
sneezing
sore throat
coughing
congestion
runny nose
Flu Symptoms of Flu Include
Fever or feeling feverish/chills
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (tiredness)
COVID-19The most significant difference between COVID-19 and the flu is that COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus, meaning it’s a new virus that hasn’t been previously identified in humans. Flu viruses, on the other hand, are well-known and tend to cause similar symptoms each year.
COVID-19 is also more likely to cause severe symptoms than the flu. While most people who get the flu will recover within a few weeks, COVID-19 has been linked to serious health complications like pneumonia, which can be deadly.
There are some similarities between COVID-19 and the flu, however. Both viruses can cause fever, cough, and fatigue. And both are spread through contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze.
The best way to protect yourself from both viruses is to get vaccinated yearly against the flu and to practice good hygiene habits like washing your hands often and avoiding close contact with sick people.
Symptoms of Cold, Flu, and COVID-19The three main types of coronavirus are Cold, Flu and COVID-19. They differ in their symptoms and how severe they are.
Cold − A cold is the mildest form of coronavirus. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, and a sore throat. These symptoms usually last for a few days and go away independently. Usually, over-the-counter medicines like ibuprofen or acetaminophen relieve pain and fever. Drink lots of fluids and get rest to help your body recover.
Flu − Flu is more serious than a cold and can cause severe respiratory illness. Symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, headache, coughing, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea. Doctors may prescribe you antiviral drugs, and you should also drink lots of fluids and sound rest to recover faster.
COVID-19 − COVID-19 is the most severe form of coronavirus and can be fatal. Symptoms include fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and pneumonia. Till now, there is no medicine for COVID-19, and it can only be treated symptomatically. In the course of these symptoms, fetch medical attention immediately, as it can lead to death if left untreated.
Treatment for Cold, Flu, and COVID-19There is no specific treatment for these viruses – they all have to run their course. However, there are things you can do to help relieve your symptoms. Rest and plenty of fluids are critical for a cold or the flu. You can also take an over-the-counter medication like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for fever or pain relief. For COVID-19, there is no specific treatment at this time either. However, you may need hospitalization for supportive care if you develop severe symptoms. This includes oxygen therapy and fluids through an IV.
Prevention of Cold, Flu, and COVID-19There are several ways to prevent cold, flu, and COVID-19. The best way to prevent these illnesses is to get vaccinated. Vaccines help your body build immunity against the viruses that cause these illnesses. However, to prevent these illnesses, you can do the following things −
Washing your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
Staying home when you are sick
Covering your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough
Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that are often touched
When to see a DoctorIn case of a cold, you could get a fever for a few days, your nose may run constantly, and you may have a sore throat. Colds usually last about a week. Flu symptoms are similar to cold symptoms, but they are more severe. You may have a fever that lasts for several days, and you may feel so ill that you can’t get out of bed. Flu symptoms usually improve after a week or so. But some people (especially young children, older adults, and people with chronic medical conditions) can develop serious complications from the flu, including pneumonia.
COVID-19 is a new illness that can cause mild to severe respiratory illness. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. COVID-19 is spread through contact with respiratory secretions from an infected person (coughing or sneezing), close personal contact, or contact with contaminated surfaces (such as doorknobs or countertops). The incubation period for COVID-19 is thought to be 2-14 days.
See a doctor right away if you have the following −
Fever over 100°F
Persistent cough
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
ConclusionAlthough colds, flu, and COVID-19 all have similar symptoms, there are some critical differences between them. Knowing how to differentiate between the three is essential to manage their respective treatments effectively. Being aware of these distinctions will help you better prepare for each virus. Knowing that your body may react differently based on which virus you have contracted can help ensure that you receive the proper treatment protocol and avoid any further health complications.
Galaxy S9 Vs S8 Vs S9+ Vs S8+ Pre
Galaxy S9 VS S8 VS S9+ VS S8+ pre-release war of specs
Today we’ve had a look at the Galaxy S9 as leaked over the past few weeks as it measures up to the Galaxy S8. We’ve also taken out the Galaxy S9+ leaks and had them measured up against the Galaxy S8+, making for an all-out war of the step-up upgrades just before Samsung’s event. Is this half-step worth the big upgrade? How about if the number isn’t a half-step, but a whole number?
The Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S9 are quite likely going to be extremely similar in size and shape. They’ll be just different enough that you’ll be unable to use the same case and/or screen protectors as before – but they’re similar. The Galaxy S8 has dimensions of 148 x 68.1 x 8mm, while the Galaxy S9 is rumored to be 147.6 x 68.7 x 8.4mm.
The Galaxy S9 is reported to be just a tiny bit shorter, wider, and thicker than last year’s model. The same is true of the Galaxy S8+ and the S9+, both of which are similar in shape to the Galaxy S8/S9. These larger phones come in at similar size ratios at 159.5 x 73.4 x 8.1mm for the S8+ and 157.7 x 73.8 x 8.5mm for the S9+.
Above you’ll see an image which uses press renders of the Galaxy S8, the S9, the S9+, and the S8+. The S8 and S8+ are officially sourced Samsung images, while the S9 and S9+ come from a leak from earlier today. If my calculations are correct, the S9+ may need slightly sharper display corners, otherwise these leaked images match up perfectly with the rumors we’ve stacked up thus far.
Everything said about the Galaxy S9 in this article is based on rumors. While I mention the S9’s details once or twice without reminding the reader about the pre-finalized nature of these specs, know this: nothing’s confirmed yet. Everything here on the S9 and S9+ is based on rumors.
The Galaxy S8 and S9 are said to roll with 64GB internal storage and a 12-MP camera on their back. The battery in the S8 was 3000mAh while the S9 is said to have a 3100mAh battery. RAM in both devices is likely 4GB, and both also have access to additional data storage via microSD up to 256GB.
The Galaxy S8 had a Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 MSM8998 while the Galaxy S9 is said to come with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SDM845. Both devices have wireless charting, USB-C, GPS and A-GPS, NFC, and Super AMOLED displays. While both have 1440 x 2960 pixel displays, the display on the Galaxy S9 is likely ever-so-slightly larger, giving it a slightly (unnoticeable by the human eye) lower screen density. Both displays are said to be 5.8-inches large.
SEE ALSO: Even MORE details in the Galaxy S9 big spec preview
Both the Galaxy S8+ and S9+ have wireless charging and non-replaceable non-removable batteries, like the S8 and S9. The Galaxy S8+ had a 3500mAh battery while the Galaxy S9+ is said to come with 3600mAh battery.
We’ll know the full story once we get in full contact with these devices on February 25th, 2023. That’ll be coming up quicker than you think – but it IS still a whole month away. Cross your fingers for more new details and super neato features before then!
Public Vs Protected Vs Package Vs Private Access Modifiers In Java
Java has various levels of protection that allow precise control over the accessibility of member variables and methods within classes, subclasses, and packages. The access control mechanism works with the help of access modifiers such as public, protected, private and package. They define scope of a variable, class and method. We are going to understand the various access modifiers in Java.
Access Modifiers in Java Public Access ModifierJava does not restrict the accessibility of public members. Anything declared public can be accessible everywhere means we can access them within the class as well as outside the class and also within the package as well as outside the package. You may have noticed that the main() method in Java is always defined as public so that the JVM that exists outside any scope of the current program can call it.
A few examples of public access modifier−
public int i1 = 108; public double d2 = 6.55;Here, variables are declared as public.
Private Access ModifierWhen we declare a class member as private then, it becomes non accessible to any code outside its class, including its subclasses. We can achieve higher level of encapsulation by using private keyword.
A few examples of private access modifier −
private int mobNo = 982266; private double income = 35005.55;Here, variables are declared as private.
Protected Access ModifierIt is mostly used in the case of inheritance to control the access of parent class members and corresponding child class members. It allow an element to be accessed outside the current package but only to the direct subclasses of classes. Here, packages are the containers that hold group of classes.
A few examples of protected access modifier −
protected int data1 = 5; protected double data2 = 5.55;Here, variables are declared as protected.
Package Access ModifierIt is also known as the default access modifier. When we don’t specify any access specifier explicitly to classes and methods, the java compiler automatically considers it as a default or package member. We can access these members inside sub classes as well as other classes within the same package.
A few examples of package access modifier −
int i1 = 108; double d2 = 6.55;Here, variables are declared as default or package.
Public vs Protected vs Package vs Private access modifiersFrom the above discussion, we can conclude the following differences among these access modifiers −
Accessible Regions
Public
Protected
Package
Private
Within Same Class
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Within Same Package Subclass
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Within Same Package non-Subclass
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Other Package Subclass
Yes
Yes
No
No
Other Package non-Subclass
Yes
No
No
No
In the above table, ‘Yes’ represents that member with the specified access modifier is accessible to the given region and ‘No’ represents that it is not accessible.
Example 1The following example illustrates the use of public, protected and package modifiers in Java.
class Pack { protected void prnt1() { String msg1 = "I am accessing a protected method"; System.out.println(msg1); } public void prnt2() { String msg2 = "I am inside a public method"; System.out.println(msg2); } void prnt3() { String msg3 = "I am inside a default method"; System.out.println(msg3); } } public class ClassShow extends Pack { public static void main(String args[]) { ClassShow obj = new ClassShow(); obj.prnt1(); obj.prnt2(); obj.prnt3(); } } Output I am accessing a protected method I am inside a public method I am inside a default method Example 2The following example illustrates what if we declare a method as private in Java.
class Pack { private void prnt() { String msg = "I am inside a private method"; System.out.print(msg); } } public class ClassShow extends Pack { public static void main(String args[]) { ClassShow obj = new ClassShow(); obj.prnt(); } } Output ClassShow.java:13: error: cannot find symbol obj.prnt(); ^ symbol: method prnt() location: variable obj of type ClassShow 1 errorHere we modified the code of previous example, we got a compile time error because we tried to access a private method in subclass.
ConclusionThe access modifiers determine how a member of a class or method can be accessed. They are attached to the members at the time of declaration. In this article, we have explained all access modifiers in detail with respective examples and also, discussed a few differences among them.
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