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Introduction to JUnit Eclipse

JUnit is an open-source java library; with the help of the JUnit library, we can perform the unit testing, or in other words, we can say that it is a unit testing framework. We can integrate JUnit with eclipse by adding the external jar file of JUnit. Basically, JUnit is used to test the small types of functionality, or we can say that a small module of an application is normally a single class. In JUnit, we perform the validation and verification of functionality that means developed functionality work as per the customer requirement or not that should be checked in JUnit. Basically, it is a java class library, but it is included in eclipse.

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JUnit Eclipse Overviews

Unit testing is a significant part of Test Driven Development (TDD) as it helps discover issues in the code as right on time as could be expected, particularly when you create changes to the current code you can run unit tests again to ensure that the progressions don’t break the application (that is regression testing). In addition, as a software engineer, you ought to compose and run unit tests to guarantee that your code meets its plan and acts as expected.

Test case structure in JUnit are as follows:

Suppose, for example; we have an arithmetic class as follows:

Code:

public class Arithmetic{ public int sum(int x, int y){ return x + y; } Public int mul(int x, int y){ return x * y; } }

Explanation:

Here we created an Arithmetic class, and it has two methods that sum() and mul() as shown in the above class.

Now we need to write the test script for the above class. But, first, we must ensure that the above class working is fine, and we need to follow the below structure in JUnit as follows.

Code:

import org.junit,*; public class ArithmeticTest{ @BeforeClass Public static void setup(){ } @Test public void testsum(){ } public void testmul(){ } @After public void teardown(){ } }

Explanation:

The above example shows how to write the test script in JUnit, basically providing the different notations as shown in the above code.

Using JUnit Eclipse

Now let’s see how we can use JUnit in eclipse as follows:

The first step is to add the external jar file into eclipse. After completion of the jar file, we need to extract that file as shown in the following screenshot as follows.

Now create a project and add this JUnit library into a created project, as shown in the following screenshot as follows.

Creating a JUnit in Eclipse

Now let’s create JUnit in eclipse as follows:

In the above point, we already seen how we can add jar files into an eclipse and how we can create the JUnit Test Case.

Example:

During the creation of the JUnit Test Case class, we need to assign the name of the class, and we select different notations for those we require, as shown in the following screenshot as follows.

First, create the demo class and write the following code as follows.

Code:

package day_1; public class demo { private String msg; public demo(String msg){ this.msg = msg; } public String DisplayMsg(){ System.out.println(msg); return msg; } }

Explanation:

In the above code, we created a demo class file and tried to print the message on the console with the help of this class.

Code:

package day_1; import org.junit.Test; import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; public class sample { String str = " Hi Welcome in JUni"; demo msgutil = new demo(str); @Test public void testPrintMessage() { assertEquals(str,msgutil.DisplayMsg()); } }

Explanation:

Output:

How to Set JUnit Eclipse?

Now let’s see how we can set JUnit in eclipse as follows:

After the successful installation of JUnit, we can access the JUnit library. There are two ways to set up the JUnit in eclipse maven and jar file.

So we need to follow some steps to set up the JUnit as follows:

First, we need to create the project into eclipse.

After that, we need to create the simple java class file and JUnit Test Case file.

Inside the Run, as an option, we have 1JUnit Test Command to run the JUnit Test Case class.

Conclusion

From the above article, we have taken in the essential idea of the JUnit eclipse, and we also saw the representation and example of the JUnit eclipse. From this article, we have seen how and when we use the JUnit eclipse.

Complete Guide On Tensorflow Distributed?

Introduction to TensorFlow Distributed

A TensorFlow API allows users to split training across several GPUs, computers, or TPUs. Using this API, we can distribute existing models and learning code with a few source codes. It takes a long time to train a machine learning model. As dataset sizes grow larger, it becomes increasingly difficult to train models in a short period. Distributed computing is used to overcome this.

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What is TensorFlow Distributed?

TensorFlow provides distributed computing, allowing multiple processes to calculate different parts of the graph, even on different servers. This can also allocate computation to servers with strong GPUs while other computations are performed on servers with more memory. Furthermore, TensorFlow’s distributed training is based on data parallelism, which allows us to run different slices of input data on numerous devices while replicating the same model architecture.

How to use TensorFlow distributed?

Tf. distribute is TensorFlow’s principal distributed training method. Strategy. This approach allows users to send model training across several PCs, GPUs, or TPUs. It’s made simple to use, with good out-of-the-box performance and the ability to switch between strategies quickly. First, the total amount of data is divided into equal slices. Next, these slices are chosen depending on the training devices; after each slice, a model can be used to train on that slice. Because the data for each model is distinct, the parameters for each model are likewise distinct, so those weights must eventually be aggregated into the new master model.

1. Generate asset data records in the package

2. Using Dask, pre-process and serialize asset data in a distributed manner for each batch (or other scalers)

3. Create a TFRecord file for each session with serialized binary sets.

tf.distribute. the Strategy was created with the following important objectives in mind:

 Switching between strategies is simple.

Mirrored Strategy

tf. distribute is a mirrored strategy. Mirrored Strategy is a technique for performing synchronous distributed training on many GPUs. Using this Strategy, we can construct clones of our model variables mirrored across the GPUs. These variables are collected together as a Mirrored Variable during operation and kept in sync with all-reduce techniques. NVIDIA NCCL provides the default algorithm; however, we can choose another pre-built alternative or develop a custom algorithm.

Creating mirrored type

mirrored_strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()

TPU’s Strategy

One can use tf.spread.experimental.TPUStrategy to distribute training among TPUs. It contains a customized version of all-reduce that is optimized for TPUs.

Multiworker Mirrored Strategy

It’s a very specific strategy – multimachine chúng tôi manage the process, it replicates variables per device across the workers. So reduction is dependent on hardware and tensor sizes.

Architecture

Going distributed allows us to train all of the huge models at the same time, which speeds up the training process. The architecture of the concept is seen below. A-C API separates the user-level code in multiple languages from the core runtime.

Client:

Distributed Master:

The distributed master prunes the graph to get the subgraph needed to evaluate the nodes the client has requested. The optimized subgraphs are then executed across a series of jobs in a coordinated manner.

Worker Service:

Each task’s worker service processes requests from the master. Kernels are sent to local devices by the worker service, which runs them in parallel. While training, workers compute gradients, typically stored on a GPU. If a worker or parameter server breaks, the chief worker controls failures and ensures fault tolerance. If the chief worker passes away, the training must be redone from the most recent checkpoint.

Kernel implementation

Several action kernels are performed with Eigen: Tensor, which generates effective feature code for multicore CPUs and GPUs using C++ templates.

Practical details to discuss

Creating two clusters before the servers are connected to execute each server in a separate process.

pr2.start()

Example of TensorFlow Distributed

To execute distributed training, the training script must be adjusted and copied to all nodes.

work = ["localhost:2222", "localhost:2223"]

jobs = {"local": tasks}

Starting a server

ser2 = tf.train.Server(cluster, j_name=”local”, task_index=1)

Next Executing on the same graph

see2 = tf.Session(ser2.target)

The next modification done in the first server is reflected in another server.

print(“Value in second session:”, se2.run(var))

Explanation

The above steps implement a cluster where the two servers act on it. And the output is shown as:

Result

Conclusion

We now understand what distributed TensorFlow can do and how to adapt your TensorFlow algorithms to execute distributed learning or parallel experiments. By employing a distributed training technique, users may greatly reduce training time and expense. Furthermore, the distributed training approach allowed developers to create large-scale and deep models.

Chatbot Pricing – Complete Guide In 2023

Impulse investing in expensive chatbots to drive digital transformation can hamper growth and waste company resources, as the conversational AI market has a wide price range and many options.

We wrote this article so that business leaders make informed decisions on conversational AI solutions by learning:

Types of chatbot pricing plans,

Costs involved in purchasing chatbots,

Pricing plans from top chatbot vendors

How to choose the chatbot option for your needs.

What are the types of chatbot pricing plans? Free plan chatbots

Free plan chatbots are a starting place for small businesses that want to automate customer support services. Most chatbot companies offer free chatbots which are beneficial for companies with a limited budget and little to no experience with chatbot development. Free chatbots offer basic features, but often come with restrictions such as:

The number of customer conversations

A limited number of staff accounts

Chatbot integration capabilities

You can start experimenting with a free plan before moving on to different pricing plans with more features or no restrictions.

Subscription chatbots Enterprise chatbots

Many conversational AI platforms also offer solutions for enterprises with an enterprise plan. The chatbot cost for enterprise solutions is higher, as they offer fully customized chatbot services (i.e. a dedicated account manager) to ensure the business goals of utilizing a chatbot are met successfully (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Haptik’s pricing

Source: Haptik

Conversational AI firm Haptik offers chatbots and intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs) that enable businesses from a variety of sectors to interact with their clients on WhatsApp, mobile apps, websites, and more. Haptik has a large portfolio of customers, ranging from SMEs to enterprises. You can see the capabilities of conversational AI solutions by requesting a demo from Haptik.

What are the costs involved in purchasing a chatbot?

Chatbot pricing, especially for enterprise chatbots, is comprised of many additional costs. These costs are paid for features such as enhanced privacy, maintenance, and development. We will examine these costs in detail to inform potential customers about how the pricing plans of chatbots are formed.

1. Chatbot software platform cost

Chatbot providers have specified chatbot platforms that are used to develop, deploy, and modify conversational AI solutions. The chatbot software platform is commonly present on all pricing plans from free to enterprise, but features depend on the chosen plan.

2. License costs

Some business owners may have concerns about the security of the data collected through chatbots, such as who has access to it or where it is stored. To mitigate these concerns, chatbot vendors often include license costs to govern the use and distribution of chatbot solutions.

3. Development and installation costs

Chatbot companies provide technical assistance to companies looking to outsource chatbot development. Developers from the chatbot company build and deploy bots tailored to the client’s business needs. Technical assistance often includes installation, which is required to integrate the chatbots into existing systems/applications for running operations smoothly.

In addition to technical assistance, chatbot companies can offer insight into the design and marketing that goes into chatbots. These costs are associated with a graphic designer and a content creator, which works to ensure the end product is in-line with your business requirements. A chatbot with a good user experience will leave a positive impact on customers, which will lead to a higher return on investment.

4. Support and maintenance costs

You might need to improve or change chatbot features as your business grows, which requires an ongoing relationship with the chatbot vendor. Subscription or enterprise plan chatbot solutions serve as long-term partners to the clients and assist them where they need it. Some applications include:

Solving encountered bugs or issues

Meeting additional requests

Keeping systems and platforms up-to-date.

5. Usage costs

These costs include additional costs that are paid to third parties. An example is WhatsApp chatbots, which require a WhatsApp business API provided by an official WhatsApp Business partner. WhatsApp charges businesses on a per-conversation basis, so exceeding the free conversation limit translates to usage costs for the business.

Pricing plans from top chatbot vendors

You can view the table of top chatbot vendors with information regarding pricing plans from their websites below.

VendorPricing PlanFree Trial / DemoFree PlanStarter PlanEnterprise Plan HaptikSubscriptionYesNo$5000.00 /yearUndisclosed Kore.aiUsage-basedYesYes$0.01 / user requestSession-based pricing (undisclosed) IBM Watson AssistantSubscriptionYesYes$140.00 /monthUndisclosed Yellow.aiUsage-basedYesNoUndisclosedUndisclosed $4 per 1 million charactersNo Azure Bot ServicesUsage-basedYesYes$0.50 per 1,000 messages in Premium Channels (non-Microsoft or open)No

How to choose the chatbot option for your needs 1. Determine the use case

Chatbots are not developed to meet general business needs, they are tailored toward specific use cases such as conversational marketing or answering FAQs. It is essential to determine clear use cases prior to investing in a chatbot, which will directly influence the chatbot flow, the integrations, and the associated costs.

2. Determine your bot requirements

Bots can be created with a decision tree or rule-based format, where there is a predetermined flow that designates how customer conversations proceed. An alternative is AI chatbots, trained with natural language processing (NLP) tools. AI chatbots improve their performance over time as they gain insights from customer queries, but they are costlier compared to rule-based chatbots.

Determining bot requirements goes hand-in-hand with the use case, as some use cases such as lead generation may require a more sophisticated AI chatbot.

3. Perform a cost-benefit analysis

Analyze the cost of the process you are trying to automate with a chatbot, with metrics such as:

Staff costs,

Completion time,

Customer satisfaction rate,

Actual and forecasted demand.

Once you can paint a clear financial picture of the process, you can compare it with the conversational AI solutions of your selected vendor.

Hyperlinks In Excel (A Complete Guide + Examples)

Excel allows having hyperlinks in cells which you can use to directly go to that URL.

There are many things you can do with hyperlinks in Excel (such as a link to an external website, link to another sheet/workbook, link to a folder, link to an email, etc.).

In this article, I will cover all you need to know to work with hyperlinks in Excel (including some useful tips and examples).

There are many different ways to create hyperlinks in Excel:

Manually type the URL (or copy paste)

Using the HYPERLINK function

Using the Insert Hyperlink dialog box

Let’s learn about each of these methods.

Manually Type the URL

When you manually enter a URL in a cell in Excel, or copy and paste it in the cell, Excel automatically converts it into a hyperlink.

Below are the steps that will change a simple URL into a hyperlink:

Select a cell in which you want to get the hyperlink

Similarly, when you copy a URL from the web (or some other document/file) and paste it in a cell in Excel, it will automatically be hyperlinked.

Insert Using the Dialog Box

If you want the text in the cell to be something else other than the URL and want it to link to a specific URL, you can use the insert hyperlink option in Excel.

Below are the steps to enter the hyperlink in a cell using the Insert Hyperlink dialog box:

Select the cell in which you want the hyperlink

Enter the text that you want to be hyperlinked. In this case, I am using the text ‘Sumit’s Blog’

In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, enter the URL in the Address field.

Press the OK button.

This will insert the hyperlink the cell while the text remains the same.

There are many more things you can do with the ‘Insert Hyperlink’ dialog box (such as create a hyperlink to another worksheet in the same workbook, create a link to a document/folder, create a link to an email address, etc.). These are all covered later in this tutorial.

Insert Using the HYPERLINK Function

Another way to insert a link in Excel can be by using the HYPERLINK Function.

Below is the syntax:

HYPERLINK(link_location, [friendly_name])

link_location: This can be the URL of a web-page, a path to a folder or a file in the hard disk, place in a document (such as a specific cell or named range in an Excel worksheet or workbook).

[friendly_name]: This is an optional argument. This is the text that you want in the cell that has the hyperlink. In case you omit this argument, it will use the link_location text string as the friendly name.

Below is an example where I have the name of companies in one column and their website URL in another column.

Below is the HYPERLINK function to get the result where the text is the company name and it links to the company website.

In the examples so far, we have seen how to create hyperlinks to websites.

But you can also create hyperlinks to worksheets in the same workbook, other workbooks, and files and folders on your hard disk.

Let’s see how it can be done.

Below are the steps to create a hyperlink to Sheet2 in the same workbook:

Select the cell in which you want the link

Enter the text that you want to be hyperlinked. In this example, I have used the text ‘Link to Sheet2’.

In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, select ‘Place in This Document’ option in the left pane.

Enter the cell which you want to hyperlink (I am going with the default A1).

Select the sheet that you want to hyperlink (Sheet2 in this case)

Note: You can also use the same method to create a hyperlink to any cell in the same workbook. For example, if you want to link to a far off cell (say K100), you can do that by using this cell reference in step 6 and selecting the existing sheet in step 7.

You can also use the same method to link to a defined name (named cell or named range). If you have any named ranges (named cells) in the workbook, these would be listed in under the ‘Defined Names’ category in the ‘Insert Hyperlink’ dialog box.

Apart from the dialog box, there is also a function in Excel that allows you to create hyperlinks.

So instead of using the dialog box, you can instead use the HYPERLINK formula to create a link to a cell in another worksheet.

The below formula will do this:

=HYPERLINK("#"&"Sheet2!A1","Link to Sheet2")

Below is how this formula works:

“#” would tell the formula to refer to the same workbook.

“Sheet2!A1” tells the formula the cell that should be linked to in the same workbook

“Link to Sheet2” is the text that appears in the cell.

You can also use the same method to create hyperlinks to other Excel (and non-Excel) files that are in the same folder or are in other folders.

For example, if you want to open a file with the chúng tôi which is in the same folder as your current file, you can use the below steps:

Select the cell in which you want the hyperlink

In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, select ‘Existing File or Webpage’ option in the left pane.

Select ‘Current folder’ in the Look in options

Select the file for which you want to create the hyperlink. Note that you can link to any file type (Excel as well as non-Excel files)

[Optional] Change the Text to Display name if you want to.

You can also do this using the HYPERLINK function.

The below formula will create a hyperlink that links to a file in the same folder as the current file:

=HYPERLINK("Test.xlsx","Test File")

In case the file is not in the same folder, you can copy the address of the file and use it as the link_location.

This one also follows the same methodology.

Below are the steps to create a hyperlink to a folder:

Copy the folder address for which you want to create the hyperlink

Select the cell in which you want the hyperlink

In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, paste folder address

You can also use the HYPERLINK function to create a hyperlink that points to a folder.

=HYPERLINK("C:UserssumitDesktopTest","Test Folder")

To use this formula, you will have to change the address of the folder to the one you want to link to.

You can also have hyperlinks which open your default email client (such as Outlook) and have the recipients email and the subject line already filled in the send field.

Below are the steps to create an email hyperlink:

Select the cell in which you want the hyperlink

Enter the E-mail address and the Subject line

[Optional] Enter the text you want to be displayed in the cell.

You can also do this using the HYPERLINK function.

The below formula will open the default email client and have one email address already pre-filled.

Note that you need to use mailto: before the email address in the formula. This tells the HYPERLINK function to open the default email client and use the email address that follows.

In case you want to have the subject line as well, you can use the below formula:

In the above formula, I have kept the cc and bcc fields as empty, but you can also these emails if needed.

Here is a detailed guide on how to send emails using the HYPERLINK function.

If you only have a few hyperlinks, you can remove these manually, but if you have a lot, you can use a VBA Macro to do this.

Manually Remove Hyperlinks

Below are the steps to remove hyperlinks manually:

Select the data from which you want to remove hyperlinks.

The above steps would instantly remove hyperlinks from the selected cells.

In case you want to remove hyperlinks from the entire worksheet, select all the cells and then follow the above steps.

Remove Hyperlinks Using VBA

Below is the VBA code that will remove the hyperlinks from the selected cells:

Sub RemoveAllHyperlinks() Selection.Hyperlinks.Delete End Sub

If you want to remove all the hyperlinks in the worksheet, you can use the below code:

Sub RemoveAllHyperlinks() ActiveSheet.Hyperlinks.Delete End Sub

Note that this code will not remove the hyperlinks created using the HYPERLINK function.

You need to add this VBA code in the regular module in the VB Editor.

For some people, it’s a great feature that Excel automatically converts a URL text to a hyperlink when entered in a cell.

And for some people, it’s an irritation.

If you’re in the latter category, let me show you a way to prevent Excel from automatically creating URLs into hyperlinks.

The reason this happens as there is a setting in Excel that automatically converts ‘Internet and network paths’ into hyperlinks.

Here are the steps to disable this setting in Excel:

In the AutoCorrect dialog box, select the ‘AutoFormat As You Type’ tab.

Uncheck the option – ‘Internet and network paths with hyperlinks’

Close the Excel Options dialog box.

If you’ve completed the following steps, Excel would not automatically turn URLs, email address, and network paths into hyperlinks.

Note that this change is applied to the entire Excel application, and would be applied to all the workbooks that you work with.

There is no function in Excel that can extract the hyperlink address from a cell.

However, this can be done using the power of VBA.

For example, suppose you have a dataset (as shown below) and you want to extract the hyperlink URL in the adjacent cell.

Let me show you two techniques to extract the hyperlinks from the text in Excel.

Extract Hyperlink in the Adjacent Column

If you want to extract all the hyperlink URLs in one go in an adjacent column, you can so that using the below code:

Sub ExtractHyperLinks() Dim HypLnk As Hyperlink For Each HypLnk In Selection.Hyperlinks HypLnk.Range.Offset(0, 1).Value = HypLnk.Address Next HypLnk End Sub

The above code goes through all the cells in the selection (using the FOR NEXT loop) and extracts the URLs in the adjacent cell.

In case you want to get the hyperlinks in the entire worksheet, you can use the below code:

Sub ExtractHyperLinks() On Error Resume Next Dim HypLnk As Hyperlink For Each HypLnk In ActiveSheet.Hyperlinks HypLnk.Range.Offset(0, 1).Value = HypLnk.Address Next HypLnk End Sub

Note that the above codes wouldn’t work for hyperlinks created using the HYPERLINK function.

Extract Hyperlink Using a Formula (created with VBA)

The above code works well when you want to get the hyperlinks from a dataset in one go.

But if you have a list of hyperlinks that keeps expanding, you can create a User Defined Function/formula in VBA.

This will allow you to quickly use the cell as the input argument and it will return the hyperlink address in that cell.

Below is the code that will create a UDF for getting the hyperlinks:

Function GetHLink(rng As Range) As String GetHLink = "" Else GetHLink = rng.Hyperlinks(1).Address End If End Function

Note that this wouldn’t work with Hyperlinks created using the HYPERLINK function.

Also, in case you select a range of cells (instead of a single cell), this formula will return the hyperlink in the first cell only.

If you’re working with a huge dataset that has a lot of hyperlinks in it, it could be a challenge when you want to find the ones that have a specific text in it.

For example, suppose I have a dataset as shown below and I want to find all the cells with hyperlinks that have the text 2023 in it and change it to 2023.

And no.. doing this manually is not an option.

You can do that using a wonderful feature in Excel – Find and Replace.

With this, you can quickly find and select all the cells that have a hyperlink and then change the text 2023 with 2023.

Below are the steps to select all the cells with a hyperlink and the text 2023:

Select any cell which has a hyperlink in it. You will notice that the Format gets visible in the box on the left of the Format button. This indicates that the format of the cell you selected has been picked up.

Enter 2023 in the ‘Find What’ field and 2023 in the ‘Replace with’ field.

In the above data, it will change the text of four cells that have the text 2023 in it and also has a hyperlink.

Note: This technique works as Excel is able to identify the formatting of the cell that you select and use that as a criterion to find cells. So if you’re finding hyperlinks, make sure you select a cell that has the same kind of formatting. If you select a cell that has a background color or any text formatting, it may not find all the correct cells.

While Hyperlinks are useful, there are a few things about it that irritate me.

For example, if you want to select a cell that has a hyperlink in it, Excel would automatically open your default web browser and try to open this URL.

So let me quickly show you how to get rid of these minor irritants.

Select the Cell (without opening the URL)

This is a simple trick.

After a second, you’ll notice that the hand cursor icon changes into the plus icon, and now when you leave it, Excel will not open the URL.

Instead, it would select the cell.

Now, you can make any changes in the cell you want.

Neat trick… right?

This is another thing that might drive you nuts.

Here is a quick fix.

This happens when these cells have the wrap text enabled.

There are useful things you can do when working with hyperlinks in Excel.

In this section, I am going to cover some examples that you may find useful and can use in your day-to-day work.

Example 1 – Create an Index of All Sheets in the Workbook

If you have a workbook with a lot of sheets, you can use a VBA code to quickly create a list of the worksheets and hyperlink these to the sheets.

This could be useful when you have 12-month data in 12 different worksheets and want to create one index sheet that links to all these monthly data worksheets.

Below is the code that will do this:

Sub CreateSummary() 'This code can be used to create summary worksheet with hyperlinks Dim x As Worksheet Dim Counter As Integer Counter = 0 For Each x In Worksheets Counter = Counter + 1 If Counter = 1 Then GoTo Donothing With ActiveCell .Value = x.Name With Worksheets(Counter) .Range("A1").Value = "Back to " & ActiveSheet.Name chúng tôi Sheets(x.Name).Range("A1"), "", _ "'" & chúng tôi & "'" & "!" & ActiveCell.Address, _ ScreenTip:="Return to " & ActiveSheet.Name End With End With ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select Donothing: Next x End Sub

You can place this code in the regular module in the workbook (in VB Editor)

This code also adds a link to the summary sheet in cell A1 of all the worksheets. In case you don’t want that, you can remove that part from the code.

You can read more about this example here.

Note: This code works when you have the sheet (in which you want the summary of all the worksheets with links) at the beginning. In case it’s not at the beginning, this may not give the right results).

Example 2 – Create Dynamic Hyperlinks

But you can also use a little bit for Excel formula trickery to create dynamic hyperlinks.

By dynamic hyperlinks, I mean links that are dependent on a user selection and change accordingly.

For example, in the below example, I want the hyperlink in cell E2 to point to the company website based on the drop-down list selected by the user (in cell D2).

This can be done using the below formula in cell E2:

When you change the selection using the drop-down list, the VLOOKUP result will change and would accordingly link to the selected company’s website.

This could be a useful technique when you’re creating a dashboard in Excel. You can make the hyperlinks dynamic depending on the user selection (which could be a drop-down list or a checkbox or a radio button).

Here is a more detailed article of using Dynamic Hyperlinks in Excel.

Example 3 – Quickly Generate Simple Emails Using Hyperlink Function

As I mentioned in this article earlier, you can use the HYPERLINK function to quickly create simple emails (with pre-filled recipient’s emails and the subject line).

Single Recipient Email Id

Multiple Recipients Email Id

For sending the email to multiple recipients, use a comma to separate email ids. This would open the default email client with all the email ids in the ‘To’ field.

Add Recipients in CC and BCC List

Add Subject Line

You can add a subject line by using the &Subject code. In this case, this would add ‘Excel is Awesome’ in the ‘Subject’ field.

Add Single Line Message in Body

This would add a single line ‘I love Excel’ to the email message body.

Add Multiple Lines Message in Body

To add multiple lines in the body you need to separate each line with %0A. If you wish to introduce two line breaks, add %0A twice, and so on.

Here is a detailed article on how to send emails from Excel.

Hope you found this article useful.

You May Also Like the Following Excel Tutorials:

A Complete Guide On Getting Started With Deep Learning In Python

Here’s the learning path to master deep learning in 2023! Introduction

Here is what Google trends shows us:

If you are interested in the topic here’s an excellent non-technical introduction. If you are interested to know the recent trends, here’s a great compilation.

Here our aim is to provide a learning path to all those who are new to deep learning and also the ones who want to explore it further. So are you ready to step onto the journey of conquering Deep Learning? Let’s GO!

Step 0 : Pre-requisites

It is recommended that before jumping on to Deep Learning, you should know the basics of Machine Learning. The Learning Path on Machine Learning is a complete resource to get you started in the field.

If you want a shorter version, here it is:

Timeline : Suggested: 2-6 months

Step 1 : Setup your Machine

Before going on to the next step, make sure you have the supported hardware. It is generally recommended that you should have atleast

A good enough GPU (4+ GB), preferably Nvidia

An OK CPU (eg. Intel Core i3 is ok, Intel Pentium may not be)

4 GB RAM or depending upon the dataset.

If you are still unsure, go through this hardware guide.

PS: If you are a hardcore gamer (not just candy crushers obviously!), you may already have the required hardware.

If you don’t have the required specifications, you could either buy it or lease an Amazon Web Service instance. Here’s a good guide for using AWS for deep learning.

Note: Do not install any deep learning libraries at this stage, do it on step 3.

Step 2 : A Shallow Dive

Now that you have a good enough knowledge of pre-requisites, you should go on further into understanding Deep Learning.

As per your preference you could follow:

Along with the pre-requisites, you should get to know the popular deep learning libraries and the languages for running them. Here’s a (non-comprehensive) list (Check the wiki page for a more comprehensive list):

Some other notable libraries include Mocha, neon, H2O, MXNet, Keras, Lasagne, Nolearn. Here’s a list of Deep Learning libraries by Language.

Check out Lecture 12 of Stanford’s CS231n course for a brief overview of some of the popular libraries.

Timeline : Suggested 1-3 weeks

Step 3 : Choose your own Adventure!

Now comes the interesting part! Deep Learning has been applied in various fields with state-of-the-art results. To get a taste of this side of the moon, you, the reader, gets to choose which path to take. This should be a hands-on experience, so that you get a proper foundation on what you have understood until now.

Note: Each path contains a primer blog, a practical project, the required deep learning library for the project and an assisting course. First go through the primer, then install the required libraries and get on with the project. If you face any difficulties along the way, use the associated course to back you up.

Timeline : Suggested 1-2 months

Step 4 : Deep Dive into Deep Learning

Now you are (almost) ready to make a dent in Deep Learning Hall of Fame! The path ahead is long and deep (pun intended) and mostly unexplored. Now it is upto you to make use of this newly acquired skill as efficiently as you can. Here are some tips you should do to hone your skill.

Timeline : Suggested – Infinity!

Noteworthy Resources End Notes

I hope this learning path was helpful to you. I have tried to make it as comprehensive as possible. Now, it’s time for you to practice and read as much as you can. To gain expertise in working in neural network try out our deep learning practice problem – Identify the Digits.

Once you have an understanding of Deep Learning and its associated concepts, take the Deep Learning Skill test. The way Deep learning is gaining recognition it is important to be familiar with it.

You can test your skills and knowledge. Check out Live Competitions and compete with best Data Scientists from all over the world.

Generative Ai In Copywriting: A Complete Guide In 2023

97% of marketers believe that content writing is an essential marketing approach, and 60% of marketers report bringing in new consumers as a result of their content marketing efforts. Copywriting has become essential to digital marketing as businesses strive to increase their online presence and attract more customers. Effective copywriting can assist a company in

Attracting potential customers

Increasing brand awareness

Driving sales.

However, creating high-quality and engaging content can be time-consuming and challenging. This is where generative AI comes into play. We prepared this guide to inform businesses about the benefits of generative AI in copywriting, its use cases, best practices, and limitations, and to provide insights for incorporating the technology into their content creation strategies.

What is Generative AI?

Generative AI falls under the artificial intelligence (AI) umbrella and can generate new content, such as text, images, or videos. After being trained on large amounts of data, these models can learn to generate output indistinguishable from human-created content. ChatGPT, for instance, is a cutting-edge generative AI model capable of producing natural language text in response to a prompt or input. It keeps 570 GB of data, which is made up of numerous written content like books, articles, websites, etc., in addition to 176 billion attributes.

Figure 1. Visualization of how generative AI tools can be used in different types of content creation

Generative AI models require a large amount of training data and computing resources to function appropriately. Once trained, the model can generate new content by taking a set of input parameters and producing an output.

For example, if you enter the prompt “Once upon a time,” a generative AI model may generate a new story beginning with that phrase. Here’s an example of what the model could produce:

Figure 2. Example of a content creation using ChatGPT-3 with the prompt “Once upon a time”

4 benefits of AI content generators in copywriting 1- Speed up the writing process 2- Overcome writer’s block

Writer’s block happens when a content writer feels trapped and unable to generate fresh concepts or strategies. Copywriters can overcome writer’s block and discover new directions by employing AI to generate a list of probable ideas or prompts.

Copywriters can concentrate on other areas of writing, like editing and fine-tuning the content, by employing AI to generate headlines, taglines, and other copy elements. This can lighten the writer’s cognitive burden and simplify generating fresh concepts and strategies.

3- Reduce costs

External contractors or agencies may be eliminated with the help of generative AI. Businesses can avoid the high costs associated with hiring external copywriters or agencies by using AI to generate copy, which can be especially costly for small businesses or startups.

4- Create a consistent brand image

By learning a company’s language patterns and style, generative AI can ensure constant messaging, leading to more coherent marketing activities and a stronger brand image. AI-generated copy components can also guarantee messaging coherence across various campaigns and media, strengthening the brand’s message and values for boosted engagement and loyalty.

Top 6 use cases of generative AI in copywriting 1- Website content & blog posts

AI can generate a first draft of the article or blog post, which can serve as a starting point for human writers to refine and customize the content as needed. Additionally, AI can assist in the research process by identifying relevant sources and citations to support the article’s claims and arguments.

2- Social media posts

AI models can find topics, keywords, and content formats that resonate with the target audience by examining consumer data and social media trends. They can then generate posts that align with these customer insights. Each social media platform’s character limits, hashtags, and multimedia formats can also be modified to match the needs for AI-generated posts.

By employing AI to generate social media posts, businesses can give managers more time to work on other parts of social media strategy, such as engagement, analytics, and community management.

3- Product descriptions 4- Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Search engine optimization (SEO) is accomplished through a combination of technical and creative strategies, such as:

optimizing content for keywords

constructing high-quality backlinks

increasing site speed and mobile-friendliness

providing a clear and easy-to-navigate site structure.

Generative AI tools can identify the most relevant keywords and phrases for the target audience and incorporate them into the content to improve its ranking on search engines, which is crucial for SEO. Besides, by analyzing the content and linking structure of the website, generative AI can suggest new opportunities for linking, improving the overall flow of the content, and increasing its search engine ranking.

5- Content for mobile apps

By generating content that is optimized for the mobile experience, generative AI can aid in the creation of content for mobile apps. AI models can identify the types of content and formats that are most effective in engaging users on mobile devices, such as short-form videos or personalized notifications, by analyzing user behavior and app usage data. Furthermore, AI-generated content can be tailored to meet the unique needs of each mobile platform, such as:

Screen size (e.g., 320px — 480px for mobile devices)

Device type (e.g., smartphones, tables)

User interface.

This can help to improve the user experience and increase app engagement.

6- Personalized e-mails

AI models can identify customer preferences, behaviors, and purchase history by analyzing customer data and generating content tailored to their needs and interests. This can include personalized subject lines, product recommendations, and offers tailored to each customer’s unique journey.

So, we asked one of the generative AI tools, ChatGPT, to write e-mails for different companies in the healthcare industry to introduce a new product. Here is the prompt:

“A company wants to introduce their new product developed using VR technology that helps to understand Parkinson’s disease better; however, they don’t want to be generic in introducing their product to other businesses in the healthcare market, rather they want to send personalized e-mail to the companies. What would be some e-mail examples?”

5 best practices for implementing generative AI in copywriting 1- Fine-tune the model

To improve the precision and relevance of the generated content, fine-tune the generative AI model using a modest amount of brand-specific training data.

2- Generate ideas

Instead of depending solely on AI to generate the full piece of content, use the technology to provide ideas and inspiration for content development, such as brainstorming topics or angles.

3- Incorporate human oversight

Think of generative AI tools as a complement to human content writers rather than a replacement. Thus, include human editors to ensure the AI-generated content is correct, appropriate, and consistent with the brand’s messaging and style.

4- Track the performance of the model

To ensure that the generative AI tool is accurate and useful over time, it should be improved constantly by incorporating suggestions from human writers, tracking its performance, and upgrading its training data.

5- Avoid overreliance on the model

To guarantee that the material is relevant and effective, avoid relying too heavily on the generative AI tool. Instead, combine it with other tools and techniques, such as keyword research, market analysis, and customer feedback.

3 limitations of generative AI in copywriting

While generative AI has many benefits in copywriting, it has some limitations that may have a significant impact on the content produced.

1- Inadequate fact-checking process

Since AI models are only as good as the data they are trained on, written content generated by AI could not always be accurate or based on dependable sources. Due to inaccuracies or inaccurate information, a brand’s reputation or trust may suffer as a result.

2- Limited linguistic capabilities 3- Narrow understanding of the context

The ability of generative AI models to produce high-quality content does not imply that they fully comprehend the context in which the material is being created. This could lead to creating content that is off-topic or irrelevant to the audience.

If you have any questions on generative AI, don’t hesitate to contact us:

Begüm Yılmaz

Begüm is an Industry Analyst at AIMultiple. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Bogazici University and specializes in sentiment analysis, survey research, and content writing services.

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